JavaScript: Values, Types and Variables

Values, Types, and Variables
Learn More @ http://www.learnnowonline.com

Copyright by Application Developers Training Company
Objectives
Learn about JavaScript types and comparisons Understand both implicit and explicit type conversions See how to declare and use variables, as well as their scope

Introduction to Values, Types, and Variables

Handling data is the fundamental task of programming languages
Values Types Variables
JavaScript may seem limited and confining

Weakly typed language, so variables are untyped Object-oriented language
Type system is definitely one of the good parts of the language

JavaScript Types
Defines types you can use to work with values of different kinds Categorizing types
Primitive and object types With or without methods Mutable or immutable

Primary Types in JavaScript

Type number string Boolean null undefined object Category Primitive Primitive Primitive Primitive Primitive Object Methods Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Mutability Immutable Immutable Immutable Immutable Immutable Mutable
Bad part is that it will liberally convert values from one type to another Special === operator
JavaScript Numbers
All numbers are 64-bit floating-point values
IEEE 754 standard Numbers as large as 1.7976931348623157x10308 to as small as 5x10-324 Integers between -9,007,199,254,740,992 (-253) and 9,007,199,254,740,992 (253), inclusive If you work with numbers outside integer range, youll lose precision

Integer Literals
Represent either as base 10 or hexadecimal All these are valid base 10 values
5, 100, 123456789, 0, -100
Valid hex values

0x1a5f, 0X1A5F, 0x10cd4
ECMAScript doesnt support octal (base 8)

Some JavaScript implementations support Number starts with a leading zero, followed by digits from 0 to 7 Code wont be portable ECMAScript 5/Strict forbids

Real Number Literals

Express either as real number or exponential Real numbers
1.0, 1.349201942, .3333333333, 125959403.39201488, 56. Omit either integral or fractional part
Exponential numbers
1.23e12 // 1.23 x 1012 1.23e-12 // 1.23 x 10-12 5.90849203e5 // 5.90849203 x 105

Arithmetic in JavaScript
Expected set of arithmetic operators
Including + (addition), - (subtraction), * (multiplication), / (division), and % (modulo) No integral division
Math object for other operations

JavaScript Strings
Ordered, immutable sequence of 16-bit Unicode characters
From zero to as many as will fit in memory Consist of letters, numbers, punctuation, and spaces Zero-based indexing Empty string () has length of zero No special type to represent a single character
Delimit with single ' or double " quotes

Cant mix to delimit string Can embed quote not used to delimit string
String Delimiters
Either string is valid
"'Don't use that food to feed she said. 'It's been recalled manufacturer.'" '"Don"t use that food to feed she said. "It"s been recalled manufacturer."' the dog,' by the the dog," by the
Not valid
'"Don't use that food to feed the dog," she said. "It has been recalled by the manufacturer."'
String Literals
All the following are valid string literals
"" '' "Don Kiely" '1.414' // an empty string // another empty string
// a number represented as a string "My password is 'beetle$%^Bailey392'"

Line Breaks in String Literals

ECMAScript 3 requires string literal on one line
ECMAScript 5 allows break with \ at end of line
Problem in ECMAScript 3 but fine in 5:

"Four score and seven years ago our fathers \ brought forth on this continent, a new nation, \ conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the \ proposition that all men are created equal." "Four score and seven years ago our fathers \ brought forth on this continent, a new nation, \ conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the \ proposition that all men are created equal."
Following is invalidsee the difference?
Escape Sequences in String Literals

Include characters that have special meaning by using an escape sequence
Backslash \ identifies the special character '"Don\'t use that food to feed the dog," she said. "It\'s been recalled by the manufacturer."

JavaScript Escape Sequences

Escape Sequence \' Description Single quote or apostrophe
\"
\\ \0 \b \f \n
Double quote
Backslash Nul character (thats a backslash-zero) Backspace Form feed Newline
\r
\t \v \xXX \uXXXX
Carriage return
Horizontal tab Vertical tab The Latin-1 character specified by the two hexadecimal digits XX between 00 and ff. For example, the copyright symbol is \xa9. Learn More @ http://www.learnnowonline.com The Unicode character specified by the four Copyright by Application Developers Training Company hexadecimal digits dddd. For example, the symbol is
JavaScript Boolean Values

Represents true or false
Usually the result of some logical comparison
JavaScript can convert any value to a Boolean

These are all false
o o o o o o
0 (zero) -0 (negative zero) "" (empty string) NaN null undefined
All other values are true

Truthy and Falsy

Any value that converts to true is truthy Any value that converts to false is falsy When JavaScript expects a Boolean value
Truthy value works like true Falsy value works like false
These are generally equivalent

if (result !== 0) if (result)
But be careful!
The result variable could hold other truthy or falsy values

Boolean Methods and Logical Operators

Boolean values have two methods
toString() returns "true" or "false" valueOf() returns true of false
Logical operators
&& AND || OR ! NOT

Special Values: null and undefined

null
Language keyword An object, but considered a separate type Absence of a value
undefined
Also means absence of value, but in a deeper way Predefined global variable Type is undefined (literally, thats its type)

undefined
JavaScript uses in a few different ways
Variable that has been declared but not yet assigned a value Function parameter that the calling code doesnt provide a value for Property that doesnt exist on an object Array element that doesnt exist Function that doesnt return a value
undefined is read/write in ECMAScript 3, readonly in ECMAScript 5

Use null or undefined?

Both mean absence of value
Can often use interchangeably In fact, null == undefined But null !== undefined
Best advice
Use undefined to represent system-level, unexpected, or erroneous absence of value Use null to represent a program-level normal, or expected absence of value
In other words, use null when you need to express missing value
Let JavaScript manage use of undefined
Type Comparisons
JavaScript compares primitive values and object values differently
Primitive values by value Object values by reference

Object Comparisons
JavaScript compares objects by reference
Equal only if the two variables hold a reference to the same object in memory If hold a reference to two different objects, even if objects are the exact same, they are not equal

Type Conversions
Feature that makes JavaScript easy and hard
Does everything it can to implicitly convert values to make useable in a statement Doesnt always do what you want
Automatic type conversions

Convert to truthy or falsy when expects Boolean Converts anything to a string when expects string Tries to convert to a number when expects number
Also supports explicit type conversions

Explicit Type Conversions

You can do it yourself explicitly
Use when implicit conversions dont work for you Or you want cleaner and clearer code
Various ways
Wrapper objects Type methods Global functions among others

Formatting Methods and Parsing Functions

Dont have much control with other conversion techniques
Get a reasonable value in the type you want
JavaScript has specialized methods and functions that give you control

Conversions Using Wrapper Objects

Number, String, Boolean, and Object wrapper objects
Provide properties and methods for corresponding types Creates a String object and uses length property
"AppDev".length
Can use these functions for explicit conversion

Number Formatting Methods

Give more control than toString()
toFixed() toPrecision() toExponential()
All three round number or pad with zeros as necessary

Using Variables
Way to temporarily store bits of data Necessity in almost every language JavaScript variables are a bit different

Variable Declaration
Not required, but you should do it Untyped, so simple: use var with identifier
var count; var minMsgID; var lastName;
Undefined until initialized Can declare and initialize in one statement

var count = 0; var minMsgID = 32629; var lastName = "Kiely";
Variable Declaration
Multiple variables in single var statement
var count = 0, minMsgID = 32629, lastName = "Kiely";
Break onto multiple lines

var count = 0, minMsgID = 32629, lastName = "Kiely";
Declare and initialize within loops

for (var i = 2; i <= 36; i++) console.log("Base " + i + ": " + num.toString(i));

Variable Cautions and Gotchas

Variable can hold any type during execution
var count = 0; <program code> count = "Don"; <more program code> count = false <yet more code> count = "The Duke of Windsor";
Be careful splitting across multiple lines!

var count = 0 minMsgID = 32629, lastName = "Kiely";
Variable Scope
Scope is section of code where variable is defined and accessible Two scopes in JavaScript
Global Local
Local variable has function scope in JavaScript

Variable Hoisting
Function scope has an important implication All local variables declared within a function
Visible throughout the body of the function
Side effect: all local variables are visible even before they are declared

Learn More!
This is an excerpt from a larger course. Visit www.learnnowonline.com for the full details! Learn more about JavaScript on SlideShare!
Introduction to JavaScript


JavaScript: Values, Types and Variables

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JavaScript: Values, Types and Variables

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Values, Types, and Variables

Learn More @ http://www.learnnowonline.com

Learn More @ http://www.learnnowonline.com

Introduction to Values, Types, and Variables

JavaScript may seem limited and confining

Type system is definitely one of the good parts of the language

Learn More @ http://www.learnnowonline.com

Primary Types in JavaScript

Learn More @ http://www.learnnowonline.com

Valid hex values

ECMAScript doesnt support octal (base 8)

Learn More @ http://www.learnnowonline.com

Real Number Literals

Learn More @ http://www.learnnowonline.com

Math object for other operations

Learn More @ http://www.learnnowonline.com

Delimit with single ' or double " quotes

// a number represented as a string "My password is 'beetle$%^Bailey392'"

Learn More @ http://www.learnnowonline.com

Line Breaks in String Literals

Problem in ECMAScript 3 but fine in 5:

Following is invalidsee the difference?

Escape Sequences in String Literals

Learn More @ http://www.learnnowonline.com

JavaScript Escape Sequences

JavaScript Boolean Values

JavaScript can convert any value to a Boolean

0 (zero) -0 (negative zero) "" (empty string) NaN null undefined

All other values are true

Truthy and Falsy

These are generally equivalent

Learn More @ http://www.learnnowonline.com

Boolean Methods and Logical Operators

Learn More @ http://www.learnnowonline.com

Special Values: null and undefined

Learn More @ http://www.learnnowonline.com

undefined is read/write in ECMAScript 3, readonly in ECMAScript 5

Use null or undefined?

Learn More @ http://www.learnnowonline.com

Learn More @ http://www.learnnowonline.com

Automatic type conversions

Also supports explicit type conversions

Explicit Type Conversions

Learn More @ http://www.learnnowonline.com

Formatting Methods and Parsing Functions

Learn More @ http://www.learnnowonline.com

Conversions Using Wrapper Objects

Can use these functions for explicit conversion

Learn More @ http://www.learnnowonline.com

Number Formatting Methods

All three round number or pad with zeros as necessary

Learn More @ http://www.learnnowonline.com

Learn More @ http://www.learnnowonline.com

Undefined until initialized Can declare and initialize in one statement

Break onto multiple lines

Declare and initialize within loops

Learn More @ http://www.learnnowonline.com

Variable Cautions and Gotchas

Be careful splitting across multiple lines!

Local variable has function scope in JavaScript

Learn More @ http://www.learnnowonline.com

Learn More @ http://www.learnnowonline.com

Learn More @ http://www.learnnowonline.com

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