Bones

Objectives

state why the bones are classified under connective tissue. state the characteristic features of bones. state the functions of bones. state the classification of bones giving examples.

Special type- connective tissue

Undergoes various changes Cells and Intercellular substance containing calcium salts

Characteristics

highly vascular mineralized hard, rigid, somewhat resilient constantly changing has a regenerating capacity characteristic growth mechanism by apposition only

Characteristics

canalicular system for transportation of nutrients develop from direct transformation of condensed mesenchyme OR through a cartilagenous model replaced by bone

Functions

provides rigid structural frame work of the body. provides area for attachment for muscles, ligaments. protection of vital organs of the body. contains bone marrow which manufacture blood cells.

act as store houses for calcium, phosphates.

Classification

According to shape According to region According to ossification According to structure

According to shape

Long bones Humerus, Tibia, Femur, Ulna Flat bones skull bones, scapula, ribs, sternum

Short bones- Carpal bones , Tarsal bones

Irregular bones- vertebrae, hip bone, bones of the vault of the skull

Flat bones

According to shape

Sesamoid bones- Patella, Pisiform, Flabella Accessory bones- sutural

bones

Pneumatic bones- maxilla, Frontal and Ethmoid bones

According to regions

Axial skull bones, vertebrae, ribs, sternum Appendicular bones of upper limb and lower limb

According to ossification

Membrane bone vault of the skull bones of the face Cartilage bone vertebral column, thoracic cage Membrane cartilage bone- occipital, mandible, clavicle, temporal sphenoid

According to structure
Macroscopically compact outer part spongy inner part Microscopically Lamellar Fibrous Dentine Cement

Dentine- Cement

Long bones

Two ends epiphyses One shaft diaphysis Central medullary cavity except clavicle Ossification cartilagenous except clavicle* Position of nutrient foramen away from the growing end

Long bones - Clavicle

Long bones -Types

Typical bones of the limbs Miniature-short long bones having one epiphysis- metacarpals metatarsals Modified no medullary cavity - clavicle

Long bones- Arterial supply

Four sets of blood vessels Nutrient artery Metaphyseal artery Epiphyseal artery Periosteal artery

Short bones

Cubical Carpals/ Tarsals Have six surfaces Two surfaces are articular

Two surfaces for muscles, ligaments, apertures for blood vessels

Ossification cartilagenous Arterial- periosteal vessels

Flat bones

Plate likeTwo outer plates of compact bone Inner spongy bone and marrow Vault of the skullouter tables compact inner - spongy - diploe Periosteal vessels

Vault of the skull-

Irregular bone

Irregular shape Structurally spongy with covering of compact bone Bones of base of the skull, hip bone vertebrae Arterial supply- large nutrient artery periosteal vessels

Skull Bones

Pneumatic bone

Irregular bones containing air sinuses Surrounds the nasal cavity Make the skull lighter

Help in resonance
Act as air conditioning chambers Humidify and warm up inspired air

Maxilla, frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid bones

Maxilla