Man Disturbs Nature

EFFECTS
Monsoon Is Affected : Summer Too Hot Ice Glaciers Melts Deforestation

Drying Of Rivers
Plants Growth Affected- Sensitive Towards Temperature Wild Life Migration Spending More Energy Food Cost Rise Wastage Of Resources

Water - Impurities
Air - CO, CO2, SO2, NOx,dust, etc., Land - Waste from Agri, tanneries, sewage, etc., Food - preservatives, Adulterants Disposed plastics

Environmental Effects

Water and land pollution

Visual pollution

Explosion hazards Odour pollution Noise pollution

 Disease vector and pathways, flies, Mosquitoes, Roaches, Rodents, pigs Diseases that result from the bites of animals feeding on the waste. Intestinal infections that are transmitted by flies feeding on the waste;

 Chronic respiratory diseases, including cancers resulting from exposure to dust and hazardous compounds Occupational hazards like Skin and blood infections from direct contact with waste and from infected wounds. Eye and respiratory infections resulting from exposure to infected dust during landfill operations; Psychological stress for those living near incerators or land disposal facilities.

 The pneumonic plaque that broke out in November 1994 in India is a typical example of solid waste mismanagement.

CURRENT TRENDS

GREEN CHEMISTRY

APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY

LESS HAZARDOUS

MORE USEFUL

WASTE MANAGEMENT

TECHNIQUE Scientists

TECHNOLOGY

Engineers

 An effective solid waste management system is necessary to avoid public health disasters, spread of disease by insects and vectors and adverse effect on air and water.

Solid waste workers are the most exposed to the risks of parasitic infections and accidents. A SWM system must include proper mechanism to avoid these incidences.

The three general types are Municipal or urban wastes

Industrial wastes

Hazardous wastes

Non-degradable or persistent in nature; Biologically modified; Highly toxic and even lethal at low concentration; Create danger to the living community, immediately or over a period of time are called Hazardous wastes

 They are often found in the form of solids, sludge or gases. Safe collection, handling and disposal of these wastes are very important and great care must be taken for these processes. The threat to public health and the environment is dependent on the quantity and characteristics of a waste involved

OBJECTIVES Identify and classify hazardous wastes Explain the techniques of hazardous waste management, treatment and minimization Describe the physical, chemical, thermal and biological methods of treating them Adopt waste minimization ,pollution prevention techniques

Identification
By using either or both of the following criteria we can find a substance is hazardous or not; The list provided by the government agencies declaring that substance as hazardous. Characteristics as ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity and toxicity of the substance.

 This list reduces the need to test the wastes and simplifies waste determination. Wastes from different industries are covered under four lists. They are F,K,P and U industrial waste codes.

 The F-list contains wastes from non-specific source, i.e., various industrial processes that may generated this waste. Consists of solvents commonly used in degreasing, metal treatment, sludge and wastewater from metal plating operations and dioxin containing chemicals. E.g.; benzene(F005),carbon tetrachloride (F001)etc., Solvent mixtures or blends containing more than 10% of one or more of the solvents listed as above are also considered F-listed wastes.

 Generated by specific industrial processes. E.g., Wood preservation, pigment production, chemical production, petroleum refining, iron and steel production and explosive manufacturing

 Discarded commercial chemical products, off-specification chemicals, container residues and residues from the spillage of materials. These 2 lists include any technical grades of the chemical that are produced or marketed. E.g., Pesticide (for P & U) Primary difference between them is the quantity at which the chemical is regulated.

 P- list consists of acutely toxic wastes that are regulated when the quantity generated per month, or accumulated at any time, exceeds one kilogram. U- list are regulated when the quantity generated per month exceeds 25 kilograms. E.g., pesticide applicators and chemical formulators.

 Ignitability (EPA identification Number D001) Corrosivity (EPA identification Number D002) Reactivity (EPA identification Number D003) Toxicity (EPA identification Number D004)

Ignitability If the waste has a flash point of less than 60 C; readily catches fire and burns so vigorously as to create a hazard. Material safety data sheet provides the flash points of wastes. Examples : Naphtha, adhesives, oil based paints, etc., Corrosivity A liquid waste which has a pH of 2 or 12 is corrosive. NaOH, Caustic solution (with high pH) is used to clean or degrease metal parts HCl (low pH) is used to metal parts prior to painting. Disposal of these form corrosive hazardous waste.

Evaluation
Reactivity

..

o Unstable, reacts violently with water, generates toxic gases or explosion when exposed to heat or a flame. o Examples of reactive wastes would be waste gun powder, Na metal or wastes containing cyanides or sulphides. Toxicity o The toxic characteristic identifies wastes that are likely to leach dangerous chemicals into ground water. o To determine toxicity, a representative sample of the material must be subjected to a test conducted in a certified laboratory.

 Even though many industries are producing more amount of wastes, hospitals and biological research centers are the principal sources. Other sources are industries of automobile, chemical, coal, electroplating, leather, metallurgical, petroleum, textile, paint and related industries. Hospitals and research laboratories.

Chemical wastes Biological wastes Flammable wastes Explosives Radioactive wastes are some of the types of hazardous wastes.

 Extensive use of chemicals for industrial and agricultural purposes . Detergents, Fertilizers, Toxic metals in industrial waste and Soil based technology are the main source. Cadmium, Mercury, Chromium, lead, Arsenic and Barium are some of the toxic pollutants

 As a by-product of industrial biological conversion processes They have the ability to produce toxins and infect living organisms. Malignant tissues taken during surgery, hypodermic needles, bandages and expired medicines etc.,

 Often they are liquids. Organic solvents, oils, plasticizers and organic sludge. Sources : Dry cleaners, petroleum reclamation plants, petroleum refining and processing facilities, service stations

 These wastes resulting from weapons manufacturing. They have a high potential for hazard in storage, collection and disposal. They may exist in solid, liquid or gaseous form. E.g. Construction companies, dry cleaners, ammunition production facilities, etc.

 The radiations from radioactive substances prolonged exposure results in damage to the living organisms and they contaminate air, water and land. Natural sources;1.Cosmic rays from outer space. 2.Naturally occurring isotopes. Man made sources;1.Nuclear weapons 2.Atomic reactors and nuclear fuel 3.Mining and refining of radioactive wastes(U,Pu,&Th) Radioactive isotopes.

 Since the radioactive wastes are essentially created in a nuclear power reactor, it is accepted that it is the responsibility of the country which uses uranium to generate power
There are three kinds of radiation to consider: alpha, beta and gamma. A fourth kind, neutron radiation, generally only occurs inside a nuclear reactor.

Different types of radiation require different forms of protection:

Alpha radiation cannot penetrate the skin and can be blocked out by a sheet of paper, but is dangerous in the lung.
Beta radiation can penetrate into the body but can be blocked out by a sheet of aluminium foil. Gamma radiation can go right through the body and requires several centimetres of lead or concrete, or a metre or so of water, to block it. All of these kinds of radiation are, at low levels, naturally part of our environment. Any or all of them may be present in any classification of waste.

Radioactive wastes are normally classified as low-level, medium-level or high-level wastes, according to the amount and types of radioactivity in them. Another factor in managing wastes is the time that they are likely to remain hazardous. This depends on the kinds of radioactive isotopes in them, and particularly the half-lives characteristic of each of those isotopes.

half-lives ranging from fractions of a second to minutes, hours or days, through to billions of years. Radioactivity decreases with time as these isotopes decay into stable, non-radioactive ones.

Depends on duration of exposure Strength of radiation Half-life period Rate of diffusion Environmental conditions

Radioactive substances

Various trucks & railroad equipment depending on characteristics of wastes; special marking to show safety hazard. Flatbed trucks wastes stored in drums; Tractor-trailer tank with truck large volumes of waste, railroad tank cars, Special interior linings such as glass, fiber glass or rubber Flatbed trucks wastes stored in drums; precautions to prevent contact between wastes and the collector. Same as those for toxic chemicals, special colorings and safety warning printed on vehicles. Same as those for toxic chemicals, Restriction on transport routes.

Toxic chemicals

Biological wastes

Flammable wastes

Explosives

Storage and Handling

Light-Gauge Closed Head Drum

Light-Gauge Open Head Drum

Transport
Hazardous wastes are not compacted or delivered by numerous community residents.

Instead , liquid hazardous wastes are generally pumped from collection vehicles and sludge or solids are reloaded without removal from the collection containers for transport to processing and disposal facilities.

Transfer
It is unusual to find a hazardous waste transfer facility, where wastes are simply transferred to larger transport vehicles. Some processing and storage facilities are often the part of the material handling sequence at a transfer station. Example, Neutralization of corrosive wastes might result in the use of lower-cost holding tank on transport vehicles. As in the case of storage, great care must be exercised to avoid the danger of mixing incompatible wastes.

Transfer

Processing
Processing of hazardous waste is done for purposes of recovering useful materials and preparing wastes for the disposal. Processing can be accomplished on-site or off-site. The variables affecting the selection of processing site include the characteristics of wastes, the quantity of wastes, the technical, economical and environmental aspects of available on-site treatment processes and the availability of nearest off-site treatment facility. The treatment of hazardous waste can be accomplished by physical, chemical, thermal or biological means.

Physical &Chemical treatment

They are the essential part of most hazardous waste treatment. Filtration and separation: A method of separating solid particles from a liquid using a porous medium. Liquid and gas wastes like inorganic chemical with and without heavy metal and organic chemical with or without heavy metal are treated by this process.

Chemical precipitation

This is a process by which the soluble substance is converted to an insoluble form. Settling or filtration can then remove the precipitated solid. This includes waste containing arsenic ,barium, cadmium ,copper ,lead ,mercury , nickel, selenium , silver and zinc

 The sources of wastes containing metals are metal plating and polishing , inorganic pigment and electronic industries. Hazardous waste containing metal are also generated from cleanup of uncontrolled hazardous waste sites Example: leachate or contaminated ground water

Chemical oxidation and reduction

Such reactions are used in treatment of metal wearing waste , sulphides , cyanides and chromium and in the treatment of organic waste such as phenols, pesticides and sulphur containing compounds. These treatment process involve chemical reactions both reactants are generally in solutions.

 Commonly used oxidising agents are sodium hypochlorite , hydrogen peroxide , potassium permanganate and ozone. Reducing agents are sulphur dioxide, sodium borohydride. This oxidation and reduction treatment tends to be more suitable for more concentration.

Solidification
It is a process in which materials are added to the waste to produce a solid. It may or may not involve a chemical bonding between the toxic contaminant and additive.

Stabilisation
It is a process by which a waste is converted to a more chemically stable form. Stabilization represents the use of a chemical reaction to transform the toxic component to a new non-toxic compound or substance.

Chemical fixation
This implies the transformation of toxic contaminants to a new non-toxic compounds. This term has been misused to describe processes which do not involve chemical bonding of the contaminant to the binder.

 This process involves the complete coating or enclosure of a toxic particle or waste agglomerate with new substance. The encapsulation of the individual particles is known as micro encapsulation. An agglomeration of waste particle or micro encapsulated material is known as macro encapsulation. Its function is storage. Its waste types include inorganic chemical with and without heavy metals, organic chemical with and without heavy metals. Form of waste is- liquid and solid

Encapsulation

Evaporation
It is defined as the conversion of the liquid from solution or slurry into vapour. The process equipment which is quite flexible and can handle waste in various forms. It is also used in cases when no other treatment method is used. Its function is volume reduction and separation. Types of waste - inorganic chemical with and without heavy metals and radiological. Forms of waste - liquid.

Ozonation
It is a relatively unstable gas consisting of 3 oxygen atoms per molecule. It is one of the strongest oxidizing agent. It can be substituted for oxidants such as chlorine, hydrogen peroxide and potassium permanganate. It is used to detoxify industrial organic waste containing alcohols and

Thermal treatment
Two types of thermal treatment Incineration

Pyrolysis

Incineration
It can be regarded as either a pre-treatment of hazardous waste or as a means of vaporizing waste by recovering agent. It includes both the burning of mixed solid waste or burning of selected parts of the waste stream as a fuel. Its function is volume reduction and detoxification Types of waste - organic chemical without heavy metal ,radiological ,biological ,flammable ,explosive Forms of waste- solid ,liquid ,gas

 It is defined as the chemical decomposition or change brought about by heating in the absence of oxygen. It is used for transformation of solid and liquid carbonaceous materials into gaseous components.

Pyrolysis

Pyrolysis includes two step process for disposal.

In the first step, wastes are heated separating the volatile content from non-volatile char and ash. In the second step, volatile components are burnt under proper condition to assure incineration of all hazardous components. Its function is volume reduction and detoxification.

Types of waste is organic chemical with and without heavy metals and biological. Forms of waste - solid ,liquid ,gas

Biological treatment Composting

The principles involved in composting organic hazardous waste are same as those in composting organic material with moderate modifications. The reaction is that certain types of hazardous waste molecules can be degraded by one or few microbial species. The waste governs biological reactions. The physical parameters are shape, dimension, temperature , pH and moisture.

Disposal.. In general disposal of hazardous wastes should be separate from those of municipal wastes.

As hazardous wastes can exist in the form of liquids, sludges, solids and dusts, a correct approach for co-disposal for each of the hazardous wastes should be determined.
To avoid the co-disposal of incompatible wastes, separate storage areas within the total landfill site should be designated for various classes of compatible wastes.

Liquid wastes are usually stored in a tank near the site and can be introduced into landfill by means of trenches or lagoons, injection or irrigation. Sludges are also placed in trenches. During disposal of light weight wastes, the disposal area must be kept wet to prevent dust emissions. Hazardous solid waste characterized by a high degree of impermeability as such must not be disposed off over large areas.

Disposal..............
Three general principles are employed in the management of radioactive wastes: concentrate-and-contain dilute-and-disperse delay-and-decay. The first two are also used in the management of non-radioactive wastes. The waste is either concentrated and then isolated, or it is diluted to acceptable levels and then discharged to the environment. Delay-and-decay however is unique to radioactive waste management; it means that the waste is stored and its radioactivity is allowed to decrease naturally through decay of the radioisotopes in it.

 Low level wastes is generated from hospitals, laboratories and industries. It comprises papers, rags,tools,filters etc., They contain small amounts of short-lived radioactivity. Intermediate-level wastes contains higher amounts of radioactivity and require special shielding. It comprises resins chemical sludges and reactor components and contaminated materials from reactor materials from reactor decommissioning. It may be solidified in concrete or bitumen for disposal.

 High-level wastes may be the used fuel itself, or the principal waste separated from reprocessing. It holds 95% of the radioactivity with long life. It generates large amount a considerable amount of heat and requires cooling as well as special shielding during handling and transport. If the fuel is reprocessed the separated waste is vitrified by incorporating it into borosilicate glass which is sealed inside stainless steel canisters for disposal deep underground.

Reprocessed Plastics

Storage pond for spent fuel at UK reprocessing plant

Final disposal of high-level waste is delayed for 40-50 yrs to allow its radioactivity to decay, after which <1000th of its initial radioactivity remains, and it is much easier to handle. Hence canisters of vitrified waste, or used fuel assemblies, are stored under water in special ponds, or in dry concrete structures or casks, for at least this length of time. The ultimate disposal of vitrified wastes, or of used fuel assemblies without reprocessing, requires their isolation from the environment for a long time. The most favored method is burial in stable geological formations some 500m deep. Several countries are investigating sites that would be technically and widely acceptable. After being buried for about 1000 yrs most of the radioactivity will have decayed. The amount of radioactivity then remaining would be similar to that of the corresponding amount of naturally-occurring uranium ore from which it originated, though it would be more concentrated.

Status in India
Based on Ministry of Environment and Forest, at present around 7.2 million tonnes of hazardous wastes is generated in India. Of which 1.4 million tonnes is recyclable,0.1 million tonnes is incinerable and 5.2 million tonnes is destined for disposal on land. There are 323 recycling units, of which 303 use indigenous raw material and 20 depend on imported recyclable wastes.

MAN AGE MENTAL TECHNIQUES FOR GREEN ENVIRONMENT

Chemistry can be a good and bad thing. Chemistry is good when you make love with it. Chemistry is bad when you make crack with it. ~Adam Sandler