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In 1780 Joseph Priestly discovered photosynthesis: plants can restore air which has been injured by the burning of candles. the air would neither extinguish a candle, nor was it all inconvenient to a mouse which I put into it.
biological systems by converting solar energy into chemical energy. Carbohydrates are formed from light-driven reactions that collectively appear deceptively simple: CO2 + H2O + light CnH2nOn + O2
called chloroplasts:
through a membrane-bound electron transport pathway, generating a proton motive potential (p) from which ATP is made.
Chlorophyll a:
Light-harvesting Pigments help absorb wavelengths of light in the region of the spectrum where chlorophyll pigments do not absorb light. Photons absorbed by these pigments also transfer energy to chlorophyll.
-carotene helps protect plants from photochemical reactions, expecially those involving oxygen; (it serves as an antioxidant.)
The majority of chlorophyll molecules in a photosynthetic unit do not get involved in photosynthesis directly. Rather, they transfer their absorbed energy to a reaction center complex.
C C C C C
C C
C C C
CCC CCC C
C C C C C C C
C CCC C C C C C C C C C
C C C C C C C C C C C C
C C C C C C C C C C CC CC C C CC C C C C C CC C C C C C C C C C C
C C C
C C C C C C
C C C C C
Light energy absorbed by antenna chlorophyll molecules and auxillary pigments is transferred to specialized reaction centers.
This energy transfer (often called resonance energy transfer or exciton hopping) is very efficient, approaching 100%!
Plastocyanin:
Stryer, et.al., Biochemistry, 5th ed.
Photosystem I:
Photosystem I:
700nm photon
Ferredoxin Structure
Z-Scheme of Photosynthesis:
Andre Jagendorf and Ernest Uribes classic experiment, showing the production of ATP from an artificially induced proton gradient across isolated chloroplasts in the absence of any light!
(First Reported in 1965)
Stroma
Lumen
(Thylakoid Space)
Stroma
Lumen
Inner-membrane Space
Matrix
Stryer, et.al., Biochemistry, 5th ed.
Melvin Calvin discovered the CO2 acceptor by using C-14 radioactive labeled carbon dioxide:
He discovered that the reactions of CO2 fixation are almost identical to reactions of the phosphate shunt:
End of Slides
For
Photosynthesis
Credits: Many of the diagrams used in these slides were taken from Stryer, et.al, Biochemistry, 5th Ed., Freeman Press (in our course textbook) and from prior editions of this text.