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Kristin Ackerson, Virginia Tech EE Spring 2002
Integrated circuit fabrication techniques have made highperformance operational amplifiers very inexpensive in comparison to older discrete devices.
Kristin Ackerson, Virginia Tech EE Spring 2002
_
RO Ri + A
vid
Noninverting
Output vO = Advid
i(+)
-VS
i(+), i(-) : Currents into the amplifier on the inverting and noninverting lines respectively vid : The input voltage from inverting to non-inverting inputs +VS , -VS : DC source voltages, usually +15V and 15V Ri : The input resistance, ideally infinity A : The gain of the amplifier. Ideally very high, in the 1x1010 range. RO: The output resistance, ideally zero vO: The output voltage; vO = AOLvid where AOL is the open-loop voltage gain
Kristin Ackerson, Virginia Tech EE Spring 2002
Gain Symbol
Av
Transfer Function
vo/vin
Ai
io/iin
gm (siemens) rm (ohms)
io/vin
vo/iin
Noninverting Configuration
+ _
+
iO iF
iL
+ +
vin
_
i(-)
vO
-
vF
_ +
R F RL
vL
_
vid = vo/AOL Assuming AOL vid =0 Also, with the assumption that Rin = i(+) = i(-) = 0
v1 Applying KVL the following equations can be found: v1 = vin vO = v1 + vF = vin+ iFRF
_
R1 i1
This means that, iF = i1 Therefore: iF = vin/R1 Using the equation to the left the output voltage becomes: vo = vin + vinRF = vin RF + 1 R1 R1
Ideally AOL , Therefore Av = 1 Note: The actual value of AOL is given for the specific device and usually ranges from 50k 500k. is the feedback factor and by assuming open-loop gain is infinite: = R1 R1 + RF
Kristin Ackerson, Virginia Tech EE Spring 2002
Ideally, the output resistance is zero, but the formula below gives a more accurate value: RoF = Ro AOL + 1 Where Ro is given for the specified device. Usually Ro is in the 10s of s range.
iL iF
RF RL + vL _
vin
+ _
_
vF _ + v1 _
i(-)
+ vO -
Given: vin = 0.6V, RF = 200 k R1 = 2 k , AOL = 400k Rin = 8 M , Ro = 60 Find: vo , iF , Av , , RinF and RoF
R1 i1
Solution: vo = vin + vinRF = 0.6 + 0.6*2x105 = 60.6 V R1 2000 Av = RF + 1 = 2x105 + 1 = 101 R1 2000
RinF = Rin (1 + AOL) = 8x106 (1 + 9.9x10-3*4x105) = 3.1688x1010 RoF = Ro = 60 = 0.015 AOL + 1 9.9x10-3*4x105 + 1
RF
R1
+
vin
_
_ RL
vO
-
The same assumptions used to find the equations for the noninverting configuration are also used for the inverting configuration.
iF = i1
vo = -iFRF = -vinRF/R1 Av = RF/R1 = R1/RF
Kristin Ackerson, Virginia Tech EE Spring 2002
Ideally, the output resistance is zero, but the formula below gives a more accurate value: RoF = Ro 1 + AOL This is different from the equation used on the previous slide, which can be confusing.
Kristin Ackerson, Virginia Tech EE Spring 2002
Note:
R1 R1 + RF
Given: vin = 0.6 V, RF = 20 k R1 = 2 k , AOL = 400k Rin = 8 M , Ro = 60 Find: vo , iF , Av , , RinF and RoF
Solution: vo = -iFRF = -vinRF/R1 = -(0.6*20,000)/2000 = 12 V iF = i1 = vin/R1 = 1 / 2000 = 0.5 mA Av = RF/R1 = 20,000 / 2000 = 10 Rin = R1 + RoF = = R1/RF = 2000 / 20,000 = 0.1 RF = 2000 + 20,000 = 2,000.05 1 + AOL 1 + 400,000
Kristin Ackerson, Virginia Tech EE Spring 2002
iin = iL
Similar to the voltage follower shown below:
_ +
vin
_
vin = vo
+
vO
-
Voltage Follower
Kristin Ackerson, Virginia Tech EE Spring 2002
Load _ + OR vin
_ + +
Load i1 R1 _ + vin
_
iL
R1
vin
_
Load _ +
R1
vin
_
Note: If RL > RL(max) the op amp will saturate The output current, iL is independent of the load resistance.
_
iin +
+
vO
-
RF
Solution: iF = iin = 10 mA
vo = -iFRF = 10 mA * 200 = 2 V
rm = vo/iin = RF = 200
Kristin Ackerson, Virginia Tech EE Spring 2002
Power Bandwidth
The maximum frequency at which a sinusoidal output signal can be produced without causing distortion in the signal.
The power bandwidth, BWp is determined using the desired output signal amplitude and the the slew rate (see next slide) specifications of the op amp. BWp = SR 2Vo(max) SR = 2fVo(max) where SR is the slew rate Example: Given: Vo(max) = 12 V and SR = 500 kV/s
Find:
BWp
BWp = 500 kV/s = 6.63 kHz 2 * 12 V
Kristin Ackerson, Virginia Tech EE Spring 2002
Solution:
Slew Rate
A limitation of the maximum possible rate of change of the output of an operational amplifier.
As seen on the previous slide, SR = 2fVo(max)
f is the frequency in Hz
This is derived from: SR = vo/tmax Slew Rate is independent of the closed-loop gain of the op amp.
Example: Given: SR = 500 kV/s and vo = 12 V (Vo(max) = 12V) Find: The t and f. Solution: t = vo / SR = (10 V) / (5x105 V/s) = 2x10-5 s f = SR / 2Vo(max) = (5x105 V/s) / (2 * 12) = 6,630 Hz
Kristin Ackerson, Virginia Tech EE Spring 2002
The picture above shows exactly what happens when the slew rate limitations are not met and the output of the operational amplifier is distorted.
Kristin Ackerson, Virginia Tech EE Spring 2002
Noise Gain
The noise gain of an amplifier is independent of the amplifiers configuration (inverting or noninverting) The noise gain is given by the formula:
AN = R 1 + RF R1 Example 1: Given a noninverting amplifier with the resistance values, R1 = 2 k and RF = 200 k Find: The noise gain. AN = 2 k + 200 k = 101 2 k Note: For the noninverting amplifier AN = AV
Example 2: Given an inverting amplifier with the resistance values, R1 = 2 k and RF = 20 k Find: The noise gain. AN = 2 k + 20 k = 12 2 k Note: For the inverting amplifier AN > AV
Kristin Ackerson, Virginia Tech EE Spring 2002
Gain-Bandwidth Product
In most operational amplifiers, the open-loop gain begins dropping off at very low frequencies. Therefore, to make the op amp useful at higher frequencies, gain is traded for bandwidth.
Solution:
As v2 is zero so that branch can be neglected i.e. 10k can be neglected Now the circuit is simple non inverting amp and v0=(-Rf/R1)*v1 =-(330k/33k)*(-0.2) =2v
Kristin Ackerson, Virginia Tech EE Spring 2002
Solution:
G= -(500k/250k); Vo1 (output of first stage op-amp)= -2 V1: second stage op-amp has inputs as V2 and -(2*V1) so Vo = - {[(-2*V1)*(500k/100k)]+(V2*(500k/50k))} (Summer) Vo = - {-10V1+10V1} Vo = 0V;
Kristin Ackerson, Virginia Tech EE Spring 2002
Solution:
Given circuit is inverting amp so gain is -(Rf/Rin) vo/vin=-(100/10) -11/vin=-10=> vin=1.1