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Temperatures decrease by 1oC for every 100m in height. Lower temperatures affect plant growth.

CONTINENTALITY Away from the sea the land heats up quickly in the warm season. This increases temperatures and reduces precipitation.

MARINE The sea cools the land in the hot season and warms it during the cold season. This increases precipitation.

Goods
1. Food and crops 2. Meat, fish, hides, timber and fuelwood 3. Drinking water 4. Water for irrigation 5. Fruit, nuts, other products such as rubber 6. Biomass which can be burnt for energy 7. Medicines

Services
1. Forests remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. This reduces global warming. 2. Forests give out oxygen purifying the atmosphere. 3. Reefs and mangroves provide protection from coastal storms. 4. Reefs an rainforests provide attractive scenery for tourism. 5. Forests protect from soil erosion and intercept precipitation preventing flash flooding.

The biosphere is being degraded by humans

Mining projects such as the Grans Carajas programme which brought iron mines Population growth in Brazil has meant that more land is needed for farms and housing Hydroelectric Dams along the Amazons tributaries have flooded forest valleys

What degrades the Amazon Rainforest?

New Roads the construction of new roads such as the Trans-Amazon Highway leads to forest loss

Clearance for timber especially for mahogany and teak which are made into furniture

Agriculture huge areas of forest have been cleared for commercial agriculture in particular for growing soya beans

Biome Coral Reefs Desert/ arid areas

Impact of Climate Change Sea surface temperature increase Lower precipitation

Impact on biome Coral bleaching and coral death Deserts get hotter, growth of deserts, loss of grasslands

Alpine/ Mountains

Temperature increase, Habitats affected, lack of snowfall glaciers disappear, loss of alpine plants Increase in annual temperature Sea level rise, increase in storm frequency Increase in summer temperatures Increase in temperature Increase in temperature Vegetation changes, melting of tundra Habitat loss in deltas and estuaries Wetlands dry out Drought, species struggle to survive Extinction of some species

Arctic / Tundra Coastal marshes

Wetlands Tropical Rainforests High altitude cloud forest

Scale

Strategy
RAMSAR Convention

What are the aims? How does it protect the biosphere? A global agreement to protect and conserve Wetlands around the world. A global agreement which aims to stop the trade in products such as elephant ivory to help protect endangered species.
Over 800 sites around the world have been declared as World Heritage Sites. They are protected against development and destruction.

GLOBAL
NATIONAL
(UK)

CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species) World Heritage Sites

National Parks

Protected areas such as the Lake District National Park. They are managed and help to stop the destruction of the environment. Have been established to provide new areas of trees near major cities. To create the largest native area of woodland plus wildflower meadows.

Community Forests

LOCAL

Heartwood Forest (Hertfordshire near Sandridge)

Mount Oku Mountain Rainforest

Cameroons Government and Birdlife International have joined together to form a forest reserve

clearing forest for agriculture the grazing of large flocks of sheep and goats leading to soil erosion out of control forest fires in the dry season using the forest as the main source of fuel

What they have done in the Reserve:

1. Made a reserve which is zoned. 2. The Core Conservation Zone is fully protected. 3. The Buffer Zone can be used by humans to provide them with goods and services. 4. They have planted tree nurseries. 5. They have encouraged ecotourism 6. They have planted crops beneath trees so they dont have to be deforested. 7. The size of the reserve is large enough to support wildlife and different species.

Why is it sustainable? The reserve conserves the ecosystem for future generations while ensuring local people can still use the ecosystem for resources.