Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

ADHD

ADHD
Once called Hyperkinesis or minimal brain dysfunction One of the most common behavioral disorders common in BOYS It often continues into adolescence and adulthood.

ADHD

It is characterized by
Inappropriate
Overactivity Impulsivity

degrees of inattention

It

usually becomes evident when the child is 7 years old.

CAUSES
By

using PET scanner, it was found out that, in persons with ADHD, the brain areas that control attention used less glucose

Lower

level in these parts may cause inattention

CAUSES

Mothers use of cigarettes, alcohol, or other drugs during pregnancy:

Alcohol

and the nicotine in cigarettes may distort developing nerve cells. Ex. FAS Cocaine affects the normal development of brain receptors. Toxins in the environment may also disrupt brain development or brain processes. Ex. Lead

CAUSES

Genetic
Research

shows that attention disorders tend to run in families Dopamine Hypothesis

ADHD

can be caused by inadequate amount of dopamine.

ADHD is NOT caused by:

Too

much TV Food allergies Excess sugar Poor home life Poor schools

ASSESSMENT

The most common behaviors fall into three categories:

Inattention Hyperactivity

Impulsivity

INATTENTION
Has a hard concentrating on one thing Gets bored with a task with a few minutes Gives effortless, automatic attention to activities what they enjoy. Has difficulty focusing deliberate, conscious attention to organizing Finds it hard to learn something new

INATTENTION
Gets

easily distracted Often looses things necessary for task and activities Often forgetful in daily activities Inattentive to details or makes careless mistakes in schoolwork.

HYPERACTIVITY
Fidgety

Inappropriate

leaves seat (in classroom) Often talks excessively Always on the go!

IMPULSIVITY
Blurting

out answers before hearing the whole question Having difficulty waiting in line or for a turn Often interrupts or intrudes on others.

PATTERNS OF BEHAVIOR
ADHD, Inattentive type ADHD, Hyperactive-Impulsive type ADHD, Combined type

NURSING DIAGNOSIS
Altered body requirement: Less than body requirements Risk for Violence: self directed or directed to others Impaired social interaction Risk for injury Self care deficit

NURSING INTERVENTIONS
1.

2.
3.

4.

Establish Trust Listen actively, demonstrating support Build self esteem structure learning experience to utilize child ability Education needs

Seat the child in an area with few distractions Provide an area where the child can move around Reward appropriate behavior

NURSING INTERVENTIONS
5.. Positively reinforce acceptable behavior 6. Collaborate with the childs family, school and mental health team.

NURSING INTERVENTIONS
7. Giving extra time on tests can make a difference between passing and failing. 8. List the book and materials they will need for the task, may make it possible for disorganized, inattentive children to complete his work.

COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY

Social Skills Training

Teaches

the child to recognize the impact of his bahavior on others.

focuses on defective cognitive processes such as assessment of the situation. attempts to provide parents with a more complete understanding of their childs behavior

Problem Solving Skills Training

It

Parent Training
It

MEDICATIONS

Ritalin (methylphenidate)
Reaches

the cortex thereby increasing alertness and attention but decrease appetite. The positive effects of this drug is seen in 1-2 weeks. It also improves physical coordination

MARAMING SALAMAT!