Group A1

Kumar Animesh Shyam Sunder Hati Vaibhav Phalak Paras Arora Gijo John George

 Coal Based Thermal Power is 96,743.38 MW ( approx. 59.66% )

Coal of low calorific value - Lignite, peat low energy efficiency of a coal-based thermal power plant - 33% to 48%

Gas Based Thermal Power is 17,706.35 MW ( approx. 10%) Oil Based Thermal Power is 1,199.75 MW (approx. 0.67%) Key Companies
Government company NTPC Private company- Tata Power, Reliance Power

Advantages

High Net energy yield Well developed technology Low cost

Disadvantages

Emission of CO2 leading to Global warming

Ash content pollution Land pollution by impurities

Conventional Pumped storage Run of river

Large facilities generating capacity of from a few 100 MW to more than 10 GW

Micro facilities generating capacity up to 100 KW

Small facilities generating capacity up to 10 MW Pico facilities generating capacity up to 5 KW

The present installed capacity as of 30 June 2011 is approximately 37,367.4 MW 6,780 MW in terms of installed capacity from Small, Mini, and Micro Hydel schemes 21.53% of total electricity generation in India
Indus
53.49 32.64 13.87 46.51 66.94 69.77

Ganga Central Indian rivers 6.1 8.29 Total Capacity

24.13 23.44 30.23 9.62 33.06 91.71 Identified capacity Capacity Developed projected Capacity 10.34 Balanced Potential 81.37

East flowing river

35.97

62.92

64.03 1.11

Identified capacity Capacity Developed projected Capacity Balanced Potential

Brahmaputra
11 13.76

2.76

86.24

Advantages

Flexibility Low power costs

elimination of the cost of fuel. long economic lives, with some plants still in service after 50100 years Low operating labor cost multiple purposes, a providing a useful revenue stream to offset the costs of dam

Reduced CO2 emissions Other uses of the reservoir

provide facilities for water sports, and become tourist attractions Irrigation for agriculture aquaculture control floods

Disadvantages
Ecosystem damage and loss of land Siltation and flow shortage Methane emissions (from reservoirs) Relocation Failure risks

Availability Uranium India has limited uranium reserves Reasonably assured resources: 54,636 tonnes Estimated additional resources: 25,245Tonnes

Indian share of global thorium reserves are at 30%

Major concentrations are in the states of Kerala Jharkhand ,Orissa & Andhra Pradesh

 Working

Principal:

A type of thermal power plant Heat source is a nuclear power reactor Heat from fission is used to generate steam which is used to run the turbines

Total installed capacity:

20 nuclear reactors in six nuclear power plants generating 4,780 MW Seven other reactors under production to generate additional 5300 MW Expected Growth:

20,000 MW by 2020 63000 MW by 2032

Advantages:
Nuclear energy is the world's largest source of emission-free energy Nuclear power plants provide low-cost, predictable power at stable prices Nuclear power plants have long periods of operation

Limitations:
Dangerous to operate Natural Accidents or terrorist attacks are always possible Decommissioning and waste disposal costs are huge Scarcity of fuel

The nuclear liabilty Act,2010

Separation of Civil and military nuclear facilities

Indo-US nuclear deal

 Daily

average solar energy incident over India varies from 4 to 7 kWh/m2 (depending upon location) MW of solar electricity produced as of May 2012

979.4

Gujarat

contributes the largest to the current installed capacity and boasts the largest solar park of Asia

 Advantages

Clean energy (no pollutants) Renewable source

Disadvantages

Costly (approx 12crores per MW) Large amount of land required

Availability
Several

pockets of area with high wind speed all over India especially along coastal areas

 Working Energy

Principal

in wind used to rotate wind turbines in turn produce electricity

Turbines

 Total

Installed capacity of 17,353 MW

capacity

Estimated

49,000 MW 100,000 MW (revised)

 Advantages

Clean energy (no pollutants) Renewable source

Disadvantages

Costly compared to fossil fuels Large amount of land required

 Geothermal
Bio-power Waste

to Energy

Super boiled water at hot spots used to turn turbines India's first Geothermal power plant with an initial capacity of 25 Megawatts will be coming up in Andhra Pradesh's Khammam district by 2012.

India has potential of about 10000 MW of untapped Geothermal Energy

Include bio-fuel and biomass Burn biomass/bio-fuel to generate electricity Biomass can be grown or obtained as by-products Installed capacity- 3,325 MW Projected capacity22,000 MW

Serves dual purpose of disposing waste and generating electricity Different technologies available include:

Thermal Conversion Thermo-chemical conversion Bio-chemical conversion Electrochemical conversion

Estimated capacity

From urban/municipal waste 2,600 MW From Industrial wastes- 1,300 MW

NAPCC (National Action Plan on Climate Change) Released in 2008 and consists of 8 national missions including solar mission All the missions focus on sustainability and efficiency UNFCC (United Nations Framework on Climate Change) Aims to stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous interference with the climate system India is a signatory to the treaty

 National

Electricity Act 2003 Empowers parliament to legislate on renewable energy source related matters Empowers centre to direct State electricity boards on renewable source related matters National Clean energy Fund Recently created to tax carbon projects and fund research in renewable sources

 Studies

on generation and expansion of power production Augmenting renewable power capacity Retirement of old thermal units Time of day tariff policy

Hydro Emphasis due to low-carbon growth strategy Initiative for establishment of 50,000 MW Hydro power Capacity addition of 1400 MW is also envisaged from small hydro up to 25 MW station capacity

Nuclear Limited uranium deposits, huge thorium deposits to play role in long term 500MW plant being built, 4 more by 2020 With agreement with US and NSG waiver to supply nuclear fuel, technology to advance

Gas

Some plants ready but not commissioned due to scarcity of gas 13000MW projects in various phases of completion Semi-green technology, so needs to be promoted Coal 70% of coal produced is used in power sector Problems of land acquisition and forest clearances So, deficiency of 53MT coal, 35MT imported last year Blending of imported coal technically feasible upto 1015%

Solar The launch of the National Solar Mission has given a big impetus to solar energy in India. The highlights of the mission are given below:

Installed capacity of 20000 MW by 2022 Establishment of a single window investor friendly mechanism Envisages an investment of Rs 90,000 crores over the next 30 years Initial investment of Rs 4,337 crores provided by the Government of India

Wind
Generation Based Incentives (GBI) of Rs 0.50 per kWh provided by GOI It aims at attracting FDI and promoting actual generation of wind power than mere installation

Type of source Thermal Hydro Nuclear Renewable Sources except hydro Total

Capacity (MW) 122963.98 38748.4 4780 20162.24

To be added in 12th plan (MW) 67686 9204 2800 14500(Except solar) 4000(Solar) 98190

To be added in 13th plan(MW) 49200 12000 18000 14500(Except solar) 16000 109500

186654.62

3% 21%

0% 10% 66%

2%

12%

2%

17%
67% 5%
Thermal

12%

7%
15%

Hydro

61%

Nuclear Renewable Sources except hydro solar

Share of thermal source is slated to be reduced from 66% at present to 61% in 2022 Despite polluting nature of thermal plants, they are indispensible because of abundancy of coal as well as lack of other viable alternatives Share of nuclear and solar are expected to grow from 35 & negligible resp. to 7% & 55 resp. showing GOIs inclination towards sustainability Gas technology in thermal plants being a good alternative to coal is facing constraints due to scarcity