Nutrition Problems in Life Cycle

Aryu Candra

pregnancy

Nutrition problem in pregnancy

1 Nausea & vomiting (morning sickness) caused by hormonal changes a womans sensitivities to the appearance, texture, or smell of foods complications: acidosis, dehydration, or excessive weight loss

Nutrition problem in pregnancy

To Alleviate the Nausea of Pregnancy On waking, arise slowly. Eat dry toast or crackers. Chew gum or suck hard candies. Eat small, frequent meals. Avoid foods with offensive odors. When nauseated, drink carbonated beverages

Nutrition problem in pregnancy

2 Constipation and Hemorrhoids
caused by changes in muscle tone and pressure of the fetus sign & sympton: painful, straining during bowel movements, bleeding To Prevent or Alleviate Constipation: Eat foods high in fiber Exercise regularly Drink at least eight glasses of liquids a day Respond promptly to the urge to defecat Use laxatives only as prescribed by a physician; do not use mineral oil, because it interferes with absorption of fat-soluble vitamins

Nutrition problem in pregnancy

3 Heartburn
caused by reguirgitation of gastric acid To Prevent or Relieve Heartburn Relax and eat slowly. Chew food thoroughly. Eat small, frequent meals. Drink liquids between meals. Avoid spicy or greasy foods. Sit up while eating; elevate the head while sleeping. Wait an hour after eating before lying down. Wait two hours after eating before exercising.

Nutrition problem in pregnancy

4 Food Cravings and Aversions due to hormone-induced changes in sensitivity to taste and smell.

Nonfood Cravings (pica)

such as freezer frost, laundry starch, clay, soil. Pica is often associated with iron-deficiency anemia

Nutrition problem in pregnancy

6

Malnutrition during pregnancy effect of malnutrition:

Congenital malformations fetal growth retardation (birth defects) spontaneous abortion and stillbirth Preterm birth and low infant birthweight

foods that should be avoid by pregnant women

1 Alcohol can cause irreversible mental and physical retardation of the fetusfetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) 2 Smoking Smoking restricts the blood supply to the growing fetus and thus limits oxygen and nutrient delivery 3 Caffein stimulates uterin contraction

lactation

Problems during lactation

1 Insufficient breast milk 2 Breast disorder (inflammation, infection, anatomical disorder) 3 Lactosa/ galactosa intolerance 4 Maternal diseases (HIV, TBC)

Why Some Mothers Cant Make Enough Milk?

Primary causes (mother cant produce enough milk since baby born) 1 hormonal changes which can affect breast development and milk production. Pollution, chemicals, pesticides, and medication can changes hormon function 2 anatomical abnormalities

2 Secondary causes
starts with a full milk supply, or at least the capacity to make a full supply of milk, and then something happens so that the milk production decrease - mother reduce breastfed activity - malnourished mother

Strategy to make more milk

Prepare breast since pregnant Exclusive breastfeeding Breastfeed with the right technique Meet nutritional need

infancy

Problem during infancy

1 Congenital diseases (e.g atresia ani, atresia bilier, endocrin disorder) 2 Preterm infant 3 Low birth weight infant 4 Food allergies and intolerance Nutritional problem during pregnancies causes growth retardation

Preterm & low birth weight

a preterm infant is most often a lowbirthweight infant as well preterm, low-birthweight infants are candidates for nutrient imbalances. (deficiencies of the fat-soluble vitamins, calcium, iron, and zinc) Preterm breast milk is well suited to meet a preterm infants needs (high protein, low volume)

Food allergies
To prevent allergy and identification: 1 introducing single-ingredient foods one at a time 2 in small portions 3 waiting four to five days before introducing the next new food.

childhood

Problems during childhood

Anorexia Eating disorders (e.g. pica) growth disorders (malnutrition, obesitas) Developmental disorders (hyperactivity autism) Infection diseases Non infection diseases Food allergy and intolerance

Physical Signs of Malnutrition in Children

adolescent

Problem during adolescent

Eating disorder (anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa) Social problems Drugs abuse Alcohol abuse smoking

Adulthood

Problems during adulthood

Physical problems (diseases, decreased stamina) Social problems Decrease in physical activity leading to overweight and obesity

elderly

Problems during elderly

Diseases Eating poorly Tooth loss Economic hardship Reduced social contact Multiple medication Involuntary weight loss or gain Need assistance

Thank you.