BIOMETRICS

SECURITY SYSTEMS

MEANING
BIOMETRICS is derived from ancient Greek words : Bios -- life Metron measure BIOMETRICS has 2 meanings : The first is the older and is used in biological studies, such as collection, synthesis, analysis and management of quantitative data on biological communities such as forests.

INTRODUCTION
Over the time the meaning of word was broadened to : Study of methods for uniquely recognizing humans based upon one or more intrinsic physical or behavioral traits. In context of security BIOMETRICS refers to authentication techniques that rely on measurable physical characteristics that can be automatically checked.

BIOMETRIC SYSTEMS
The main operations a system performs are enrollment and test. During the enrollment, biometric information from an individual is stored. During the test, biometric information is detected and compared with the stored information.

BLOCK DIAGRAM

EXPLAINATIOIN

The first block (sensor) is the interface between the real world and our system. It has to acquire all the necessary data. The second block performs all the necessary preprocessing. It has to remove artifacts from the sensor to enhance the input . In the third block all the features needed are extracted. In fourth block a vector of numbers or an image with particular properties is used to create a template. In the matching phase, the obtained template is passed to a matcher that compares it with other existing templates. This will then be output for any specified use or purpose.

FUNCTIONS

Verification Authenticates its users in conjunction with a smart card, username or ID number. The template captured is compared with that stored against the registered user either on a smart card or database for verification. Identification Authenticates its users from the biometric characteristic alone. The biometric template is compared to all records within the database and the closest match is returned.

HUMAN BIOMETRICS
HUMAN BIOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS can be classified into two types : PHYSIOLOGICAL Related to shape of the body. BEHAVORIAL Related to behavior of a person.

CLASSIFICATION

UNDERSTANDABILITY

Following parameters are considered : Universality Uniqueness Permanence Collectability Performance Acceptability Circumvention

COMPARISON
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Iris scanner Fingerprint scanner Retina scanner Hand geometry Hand veins DNA Face recognition Odor Handwriting/signature Voice

IRIS SCANNER

It uses camera technology with IR illumination. High resolution images are converted into digital templates. Reliable as inside of eye is most unlikely to suffer any damage.

FINGERPRINT SCANNER

It is of two types : OPTICAL and ULTRASONIC. Widely accepted and reliable technology. System locates ridges and valleys on fingers.

RETINA SCANNER

Complex structure of the capillaries in retina is unique to every person. A retinal scan is performed by casting an undetectable ray of low-energy infrared light into a persons eye and storing the reflective patterns.

HAND GEOMETRY

Systems that measure hand and finger geometry use a digital camera and light. Length, width, thickness and curvature of hand or fingers is translated into a numerical template. Less reliable as pattern may change due to injury or swelling.

HAND VEINS

A camera takes a digital picture using nearinfrared light. Many veins are not visible through the skin, making them extremely difficult to counterfeit or tamper with.

PRACTICAL EXAMPLES

During registration for driving license, fingerprints are taken. Fingerprints and hand geometry systems are used in offices as timecards. Fingerprint scanner and face recognition systems have been recently introduced in laptops. Most accurate and expensive systems such as Iris, Retina and hand veins scanners are used in high security places such as airports, prisons.

ISSUES AND CONCERNS

Biggest concern is that once a fingerprint or other biometric source has been compromised it is compromised for life. Another issue is to how a person's biometric, once collected, can be protected. The data obtained using biometrics can be used in unauthorized ways without the individual's consent. Some believe this technology can cause physical harm to an individual using the methods.

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