Design & Fabrication Air Condition System for an Automobile Using its Exahust Gas

PRESENTED BY:ABHISHEK KAMAL DEEPANSHU VERMA PRADEEP KUMAR RAMJI TRIPATHI SHUBRANT PANDEY VISHAL SINGH CT-1696/09 CT-1677/09 CT-1673/09 CT-1671/09 CT-1678/09 CT-1695/09

A PROJECT ON

CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION 2. CONVENTIONAL AIRCONDITION SYSTEM IN A CAR 3. DRAWBACK OF THE CONVENTIONAL AIRCONDITION SYSTEM 4. PRINCIPLE OF VAPOUR ABSORPTION SYSTEM 5. DISADVANTAGE OF THE LITHIUM BROMIDE REFRIGERANT 6. AMMONIA AS REFRRIGERANT (R-717) 7. COMPONENTS 8. WORKING OF THE VAPOUR ABSORPTION SYSTEM 9. REQUIRED TEMPERATURE AND ENERGY 10. ADVANTAGES

INTRODUCTION
1. It is well known that an IC engine has an efficiency of about 3540%, which means that only one-third of the energy in the fuel is converted into useful work and about 60-65% is wasted to environment. 2. In which about 28-30% is lost by cooling water and lubrication losses, around 30-32% is lost in the form of exhaust gases and remainder by radiation, etc. 3. Only About 13% of the Energy in Gasoline Gets to the Wheels to Power the Car.

Energy Losses in Car

Using waste heat of the IC engine

The method is by utilizing the Exahust Heat & Cooling heat which is wasted into the atmosphere. By designing a Generator capable of extracting the waste heat of an IC engine without any decrease in engine efficiency. A Vapour Absorption Refrigeration System can be brought to work. Since this arrangement does not require any extra work expect a small amount of work required for the pump. Which can be derived from the battery, this system can be used in automobiles where engine efficiency is the primary consideration.

CONVENTIONAL AIRCONDITION SYSTEM IN A CAR

A. The Refrigerating units currently used in road transport vehicle are of Vapour Compression Refrigeration system (VCRS). B. This system utilizes power from the engine shaft as the input power to drive the compressor of the refrigeration system, hence the engine has to produce extra work to run the compressor of the refrigerating unit utilizing extra amount of fuel.

C. This loss of power of the vehicle for refrigeration can be neglected by utilizing another refrigeration system that is a Vapour Absorption Refrigeration System (VARS).

DRAWBACK OF THE CONVENTIONAL AIRCONDITION SYSTEM

1. High operating cost, since fuel economy is affected, high maintenance cost, costly refrigerant.

2. CFCs (Chlorofluorocarbon) generated during the refrigeration process, causes great damage to the ozone layer. 3. If the cars reserve power is less, it can affect its acceleration. 4. Overloading and overheating of the engine takes place.

5. It strictly depends on electric power or mechanical power and cannot be used at places where these recourses are not available.

Comparison between Vapor Compression and Absorption system:

Absorption system
a) Uses low grade energy like heat. Therefore, may be worked on exhaust systems from I.C engines,etc b) Moving parts are only in the pump, which is a small element of the system. Hence operation is smooth. c) The system can work on lower evaporator pressures also without affecting the COP. d) No effect of reducing the load on performance. e) Liquid traces of refrigerant present in piping at the exit of evaporator. Compression System a) Using high-grade energy like mechanical work. b) Moving parts are in the compressor. Therefore, more wear, tear and noise. c) The COP decreases considerably with decrease in evaporator pressure. d) Performance is adversely affected at partial loads. e) Liquid traces in suction line may damage the compressor.

PRINCIPLE OF VAPOUR ABSORPTION SYSTEM

1. The Working Fluid in an Absorption Refigeration System is a Binary Solution Consisting of Refrigerant and Absorbent.

2.

Two evaluated vessels are connected to each other,The left vessel content liquid refrigerant while the right vessel contains a binary solution of absorbent/Refigerant.

3.

The Solution in the right vessel wil absorb refrigerant vapour from the left vessel causing pressure reduce.While the refigerant vapour is being absorbed the Temperature of the remaining refigerant will reduces as result of its Vapourisation.

This causes a refrigerantion effect to occur inside the left vessel.At the same time solution inside the right vessel becomes more dilute because of the higher content of refrigerant absorbed.This is called the VAPOUR ABSORPTION PROCESS.
1. Normally, the Absorption Process is an EXOTHERMIC PROCESS,therefore,it must reject heat out to the surrounding in order to maintain its absorption capability. Whenever the solution cannot continue with the Absorption Process because of saturation of the refrigerant, the Refrigeration must be separated out from the diluted solution. Heat is the normally key of this separation, It is applied to the right vessel in order to dry the refrigerant from the solution.

2.

3.

4.

The Refrigerant Vapour will be condensed by transfering heat to the surrounding,with these Process, the Referigeration Effect can be produced by using heat energy.
However the cooling effect caanot be produced continuously as the process cannot be done simultaneously.

5.

DISADVANTAGE OF THE LITHIUM BROMIDE REFRIGERANT OVER AMMONIA

1. The Lithium Bromide absorption system is strictly limited to evaporation temperature above 0C and ammonia absorption system is mainly ued for low temperature below 0C. 2. The vapour absorption system can operate at reduced Evaporator pressure and temperatute. 3. The Risk of Crystallization of solution at high concentration. 4. The Corrosion in the system can occur,readily attack Ferrous metals such as Steel. 5. The cost of the Refreigerant will not be avaliable easily.

AMMONIA AS REFRRIGERANT (R-717)

Excellent Thermodynamics Characterstics:i. Small molecular mass ii. Large latent heat iii. Large vapour density iv. Excellent heat transfer Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP) = Zero Global Warming Potential (GWP) = Zero High Critical Temperature (132C) = Highly Effecient Cycles at High Condensening Temperature

Its Boiling Point at atmospheric pressure is -33C and its Melting Point from the solid is -78C.
Low Boiling Point makes it possible to have refregeration at temperature considerably below 0C without using pressure below atmospheric in the Evaporater.

 This Refrigerant attacks copper and bronze in the presence of a little moisture but does not corrosion in the Iron & Steel. Its Latent Heat of vaporisation at -15C is 1315 KJ/kg.This Large refregerating effects are possible with relatively small sized machinery. It is Easily Detected by the use of Burning Sulphur Candle which in the presence of Ammonia orms White fumes of Ammonia Sulphite. Ammonia Refrigerant R-717 lighter than oil ,its seperation does not create any problem. Relatively Low Price. Water is used as Solvent because it has ability to absorb ammonia readily.

COMPONENTS IN THE VAPOUR ABSORPTION SYSTEM

Evaporator Condenser Absorber Receiver-Drier

Pump
Insulation Foam Tube Heating Coil Drier Pressure Reducing valve

OBJECTIVES & WORKING OF THE VAPOUR ABSORPTION SYSTEM

REQUIRED TEMPERATURE AND ENERGY

Exhaust Temperature : Temperature at Exhaust = 552C to 622 C

Useful heat available in exhaust gas varies 3.05 KJ/sec at 1500 rpm to 3.98 KJ/sec at 3500 rpm when throttle opening is 1/4th and with half throttle opening the amount of exhaust heat varies from 3.61 KJ/sec at 1500 rpm to 6.02 KJ/sec at 3500 rpm.

Temperature at generator, tg Temperature at Condenser,tc Temperature at Evaporator,te Temperature at Absorber, ta

= 100C = 40C = 10C = 35C

One ton air conditioning unit operating between 40C condenser temperature and 10C evaporator temperature the heat required for generator unit is about 3.02 KJ/sec. The useful heat available in the exhaust gas is more than the heat required in the generator and able to run air conditioning unit.

ADVANTAGES
1. Uses Engine heat as source of energy hence enhances the fuel efficiency of engine. 2. Moving parts are only in the pump, which is a small element in the system hence operation becomes smooth and also wearing and tearing is reduced. 3. The system works at low evaporator pressures without affecting the COP of the system. 4. 5. Environmental friendly, no release of CFC derivatives. Helps in protecting OZONE layer from depletion.

6.
7.

Helps engine to cool, as it extracts heat from engine.

Low running cost and Higher engine power efficiency.