SCIENCE FORM 1 CHAPTER 7

HEAT

 To show that heat and temperature are different

Thermometer

100 ml water Beaker A Beaker B

Beaker A

Beaker B

OBSERVATION
Beaker B shows a greater increase in temperature than beaker A.

DISCUSSION
Temperature and heat are related but they are not the same. There is more heat in 50 ml of hot water than 25 ml even though the temperature is similar.

CONCLUSION
For object of the same material and temperature, the higher the mass of objects contains more heat.

THE EFFECTS OF HEAT FLOW ON MATTER

SOLID
Particles of matter at room temperature
Gain heat Loss heat

Increase in volume Object expand (Expansion)

Decrease in volume Object contracts (Contraction)

Heated metal ball cannot go through metal ring Ball and metal ring

Cooled metal ball passes go through metal ring

LIQUID
Glass tube

Glass tube Water level Flask Coloured water

Flask Plastic basin

Water level rises in glass tube Hot water

Glass tube
Flask Plastic basin Water level falls in glass tube Ice

GAS
Bunsen burner
Air bubbles coming out of glass tube

Water Water

Ice wrapped in towel Water level rises in glass tube

HEAT FLOW
Heat energy travel when there is a difference in temperature between two points. The greater the difference in temperature, the faster the heat flows.

HEAT FLOW
Heat Flow
Convection
Conduction Radiation

CONVECTION
Convection is the transfer of heat in fluids carried out by moving particles. Only occur in liquids and gases (fluids) as the particles in fluids are free to move.

CONVECTION
Convection current occurs when a) fluids is heated, it expands and become less dense. b) The hot fluid moves upward while the cold and dense fluid move downward. c) The cold fluid is heated and rises as the cycle is repeated.

HEAT FLOWS THROUGH LIQUIDS BY CONVECTION

Potassium manganate (vii) crystal Movement of purple streak in water until water turn purplish

Glass tube

Water
Potassium manganate (vii) crystal

 The current of the liquid rises to the top when it is hot and sinks to the bottom when it is cool.

When liquid is heated, the particles in the liquid receive more energy, move faster and expand.

 The expansion of the liquid makes it less dense and it moves upwards. The space left behind is occupied by the denser cold liquid moving downwards.

CONCLUSION
A convection current occur in the beaker. The water circulates and spreads heat throughout the liquid.

HEAT FLOWS THROUGH GASES BY CONVECTION

smoke

Joss - stick Cardboard Wire Gas jar Cold air carrying smoke particles descends Direction of smoke movement

Hot air rises

Lighted candle

 The air above the candle is heated up. It expands, become less dense and escapes upwards. Cool air from the other side of the gas jar flows in to replace the escaped hot air. The process is repeated. A convection current is thus set up.

CONCLUSION
Hot air rises and cold air descends creating a convection current.

CONDUCTION
Conduction is a process in which heat flows from the hot to cold end of a solid. Particles in solids are close together and vibrate constantly at their fixed positions. When one end of a solid gains heat, the particles vibrate faster causing neighbouring particles to vibrate.

CONDUCTION
Different materials conduct heat at different rates.

HEAT FLOWS THROUGH SOLID BY CONDUCTION

Asbestos board as insulator

Thumbtack Z falls first followed by thumbtacks Y and then X Heat is transferred from the hot end of the rod to cool end by conduction

Thumbtacks Wax

Cooper rod

RADIATION
Radiation is the transfer of heat through a vacuum. (does not require any medium).

RADIATION
Properties of radiant heat: a) Flows as electromagnetic waves b) Flows in a straight line c) Flows through vacuum d) Flows at the speed of light e) Can be absorbed or reflected

HEAT FLOWS THROUGH A VACUUM BY RADIATION

The hands feels warm when placed near the glass jar Glass jar

Hand

Radiation takes place in a vacuum

Lighted bulb To vacuum pump

COMPARISONS OF CONVECTION, CONDUCTION AND RADIATION

convec tion conduc tion radiatio n

medium

Liquids and gases

Solids, liquids and gases

No medium is needed

Move in a vacuum

Cannot

Cannot

Can

Rate of transfer

Slower than conduction

Fast

Fastest

HEAT FLOWS IN NATURAL PHENOMENA & DAILY LIFE

LAND BREEZE
Land breeze blows at night. At night, land loses heat faster than the sea. Thus, the land becomes cooler than the sea. The warm air above the surface of the sea becomes less dense, and rises. The air above the land that is denser (cooler) flows in the direction of the sea, causing what is know as land breeze.

SEA BREEZE
Sea breeze blows during the day. During the day, land heats up faster than the sea. As a result, the air on land becomes less dense and rises. The cooler air over the sea which is denser flows in to take the place of the warm air, causing what is known as sea breeze.

WARMING OF THE EARTH BY THE SUN

Heat from the sun reaches the earth by radiation through a vacuum in space. The radiant heat which is absorbed heats up the earth.

VENTILATION IN A BUILDING
Cool airs enters the building through windows or gaps at the bottom of the door. The hot air in the building rises and escapes through holes at the roof of the building. The cool air that entered replaces the space left by the hot air.

HEAT CONDUCTORS AND HEAT INSULATORS

HEAT CONDUCTORS
Objects, materials or substances that allow heat to pass through them easily. A good conductor becomes hot or cold quickly. Examples of conductors: All metals Cooper, mercury, zinc, iron.

HEAT INSULATORS
Poor conductors are objects, materials or substances that do not conduct heat or allow heat to flow through them easily. Examples of insulators: Non-metals plastic, asbestos, polystyrene Liquid water Gas air

APPLICATIONS

HEAT CONDUCTORS

A thermometer has mercury to absorb heat.

Electric iron has an iron to conduct heat quickly.

Engine and radiator are made from metal to conduct heat to the surrounding.

HEAT INSULATORS

Blankets to keep the body warm.

Wooden and plastic handles of cooking utensils to insulate heat.

Styroform containers keep food warm.