Definition:

- Organs system of reproductive system and urinary

-

system. relating to the genital and urinary organs of their functions. are more widespread than gonorrhea . prognosis is good if sexual partners are treated simultaneously. most common sexually transmitted diseases in the US.

Cause:
- spread through sexual intercourse. - Incidents involving a motor vehicle(s) are the most

common cause of genitourinary system injury, are also responsible for one-half to two-thirds of all genitourinary system injuries. - Sport related injuries. - Children: acute and chronic kidney failure, UTI, obstruction along the urinary tract, and abnormalities present at birth. - Women: vaginal discharge, mucosal ulceration producing local discomfort and pain on intercourse, or pelvic inflammatory disease.

Symptoms:
-

Fever Shock Nausea Vomitting Internal bleeding Evidence of physical injury Blood in urine Severe pain in flank Severe pain in lower back Swelling of the abdomen

Treatments:
- Nephrology
- Surgery - Females: application of sulfa vaginal cream.

- Therapy: l-g PO azithromyein (zithromax) or

doxycycline 100mg PO bid for 7days. - Use of condoms.

Anatomy and Physiology

- Term genitourinary refers to two different systems.
- Urinary and Genito - Function: help keep the body in homeostasis by

controlling the composition and volume of blood. - The urinary system is made up of two kidneys, two ureters one urinary bladder, and one urethra.

Lactobacillus
- Are responsible for producing acid that keeps the pH

of the adult womans vagina low - Before puberty and after menopause, estrogen levels are low, lactobacilli are rare and the vaginal pH is high. - Prevent the growth of potential pathogens, since their suppression by antibiotics can lead to overgrowth by C. albicans. Overgrowth of the yeast can result candida vaginatis

Binomial name Acinetobacter spp Bacteroides spp Bifidobacterium spp Candida albicans Chlamydia trachomatis Clostridium spp Cornyebacterium spp

Location Anterior urethra, vagina External genitalia Vagina Anterior urethra, external genitalia, vagina Urethra, vagina, fallopian tubes, prostate gland Vagina Anterior urethra, external genitalia, vagina

Enterobacteriaceae
Neisseria gonorrhoeae Streptococcus viridans Eikenella corrodens Streptococcus anginosus Staphylococcus aureus Gardnella vaginalis Mycoplasma horminis Mobiluncus curtisii Mobiluncus mulieris

Anterior urethra, external genitalia, vagina

Urethra, vagina, prostate gland Anterior urethra, external genitalia, vagina General distribution General distribution Perineum Female reproductive system Cervix, vagina Vagina vagina

Cystitis
- A urinary bladder inflammation.
- Cause by a bacterial infection in which case is referred to as a urinary tract infection.

Signs and symptoms: Pressure in the lower pelvis Painful urination (dysuria) Frequent urination (polyuria) or urgent need to urinate (urinary urgency) Need to urinate at night (nocturia) Urine that contains traces of blood (haematuria) Dark, cloudy or strong-smelling urine Pain above the pubic bone, or in the lower back or abdomen Feeling unwell, weak or feverish

Subtypes:
Traumatic cystitis is probably the most common form of cystitis in the female, and is due to bruising of the bladder, usually by abnormally forceful sexual intercourse that results to bacterial cystitis.
Interstitial cystitis (IC) is considered more of an injury to the bladder resulting in constant irritation and rarely involves the presence of infection.

Eosinophilic cystitis is a rare form of cystitis that is diagnosed via biopsy. In these cases, the bladder wall is infiltrated with a high number of eosinophils.
Hemorrhagic cystitis, can occur as a side effect of cyclophosphamide(used in treatment for cancer and autoimmune diseases), ifosfamide(use in the treatment for cancer), and radiation therapy. Radiation cystitis, one form of

hemorrhagic cystitis is a rare consequence of patients undergoing radiation therapy for the treatment of cancer. Cystitis cystica is a chronic cystitis glandularis accompanied by the formation of cysts. This disease can cause chronic urinary tract infections.

Weil's syndrome, canicola fever, canefield fever, nanukayami fever, 7day fever, Rat Catcher's Yellows, Fort Bragg fever, black jaundice, and Pretibial fever

Leptospirosis
- is caused by infection with bacteria of the genus Leptospira and affects humans as

well as other animals. - the world's most common diseases transmitted to people from animals. - is commonly transmitted to humans by allowing water that has been contaminated by animal urine to come in contact with unhealed breaks in the skin, the eyes, or with the mucous membranes. Causative agent: spirochaete bacterium Signs and symptoms: - High fever - Sever head ache - Chills - Vomitting - Jaundice - Red eyes - Abdominal pain - Diarrhea - Rash

Treatment: - Antibiotics like cefotaxime, penicillin, ampicillin, amoxicillin.

Bacterial vaginosis or vaginal bacteriosis

Bacterial vaginosis
- Is a disease in the vagina caused by a bacteria.

Signs and symptoms: - abnormal homogeneous off-white vaginal discharge (especially after vaginal intercourse) with an unpleasant (usually fishy) smell. - irritation, pain, or erythema (redness), although mild itching. Treatment: - antibiotics

Thrush, yeast infection, candidosis, moniliasis, oidiomycosis

Candidiasis
- Is a fungal infection.
- Also referred as yeast infection.

Signs and symptoms: - redness, itching, discomfort - Vaginal irritation or vaginitis - Infection of the vagina or vulva may cause severe itching, burning, soreness, irritation and a whitishgray cottage cheese-like discgarge, often with a curdlike appearance.

Treatment: - Antifungal drugs - Fluconazole PO 150 mg (90% effective)

Gonorrhea, chamydial infections, syphilis, chancroid, genital herpes, papillomavirus stds, aids

Gonorrhea
- Also known as the clap
- C.A.:Neisseria gonorrhoeae - Symptoms:

- Burning with urination, penile discharge, vaginal

discharge and pelvic pain - Treatment: - Ceftriaxone - Azithromycine or doxycycline

Chlamydial infection
- Came from the greek word (mantle) =cloak.

ca: chlamydia trachomatis Signs and symptoms: -women: pelvic inflammatory disease(PID) that causes scarring inside the reproductive organs which may cause pelvic pain, difficulty becoming pregnant, ectopic(tubal) pregnancy, and other dangerous complications of pregnancy. -men: painful burning sensation when urinating, unusual discharge from the penis, swollen testicles, fever.

Syphilis
ca: spirochete bacterium treponema pallidum Signs and symptoms: - Primary: sore - Secondary: reddish pink, non-itchy rash - Tertiary: formation of soft, tumor-like balls of inflammation called chronic gummas. Treatment: - Single dose of IM penicillin G or single dose of PO azithromycin.

Chancoid
- Also known as soft chancre(sore)
- Bacterial std characterized by painful sore on the genitalia.

signs and symptoms: - Begins with a small bump that becomes an ulcer within a day of its appearance. ca: fastidious Gram-negative streptobacillus Haemophilus ducreyi. Treatment: single oral dose (1 gram) of Azithromycin, or a single IM dose of Ceftriaxone, or oral Erythromycin for seven days.

Genital herpes
Symptoms: pain, itching, and burning. - Discharge from the penis, fever, headache, muscle pain, swollen and enlarged nymph nodes. - Treatment: cannot be cured - Acyclovir- antiviral drug - Valacyclovir - famciclovir

papillomavirus
- Replicate exclusively in the basal layer of the body

surface tissues. - Were first identified in the early 20th century. - Francis peyton rous( in 1953), showed that papillomavirus causes skin cancer in infected rabbits, 1st demonstration that a virus could cause cancer in mammals.

 Signs and symptoms: small, hard spots easily visible to

the eye The warts occur on the lips of the vagina, inside the vagina, or around the anus. Abnormal pap smear tests causes cervical warts Treatment: Cryosurgery(freezing) or salicyclic acid products. Laser therapy

HIV/AIDS
- Cause by immunodeficiency virus
- Transmitted via unprotected sexual intercourse,

contaminated blood transfusion and hypodermic needles, and from mother to child during pregnancy, delivery and breastfeeding. Signs and symptoms: Fever, large tender lymph nodes, throat inflammation, rash, headache, sores of the mouth and genitals.

treatment:
Stem cell treatments- are a type of intervention strategy that introduces new adult stem cells into damaged tissue in order to treat disease or injury. Many medical researchers believe that stem cell treatments have the potential to change the face of human disease and alleviate suffering. The ability of stem cells to selfrenew and give rise to subsequent generations with variable degrees of differentiation capacities, offers significant potential for generation of tissues that can potentially replace diseased and damaged areas in the body, with minimal risk of rejection and side effects. Medical researchers anticipate that adult and embryonic stem cells will soon be able to treat cancer, Type 1 diabetes mellitus, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, Celiac Disease, cardiac failure, muscle damage and neurological disorders, and many others.

Questions?