ENVIRONMENTAL APPRAISAL OF PROJECTS

BY:

Dr.P.R.Kulkarni

HOW IT GAINED IMPORTANCE

Environmental appraisal of the until in last two decades

was almost unheard of. Indiscriminate dumping of toxic wastes Awareness increased Closure of certain industrial units Public outcry against pollution Pollution avoidance-important aspect for evaluation Pollution control and clean image of the company

FACTORS INDUCING CORPORATES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL FRIENDLINESS

What are the factors that has effectively induced the

corporate to behave in a more environment friendly manner? They are: Pollution Control Regulation Consumer Pressure Pressures From The Local People Pressure From The Investor

 Pollution Control Regulation: There are various laws and regulations governing to

industry. They contains pollution standards. Certain industry can not be set up without clearance from regulatory authorities. similarly highly polluting industry can not be set up in prescribed population range. Penalties and punishment are also prescribed in the laws. Consumer Pressers: Well coordinated consumer movement is required. In western countries, movements by the consumers against polluting industries are just taking root. Pressure from local People: Pressures from the local people can also be quite effective Local people can boycott the industry. They may also file public interest petition in local court. Pressure from investors: Investors should ensure that company does not pollute the environment. In western countries shareholders are more concerned about pollution in comparison with profit and dividend. MNC have separate department to manage the environmental pollution

 Entrepreneurs from developing and industrial developed countries scout for

changes in the law that are too cumbersome for the industry. SME do not care much for the environment. It may be because of financial constraint. They only care environment to the extent of meeting regulatory requirement. Large corporate are trying to put up some what greenish look. The medium and small scale companies are almost not concerned about the environment.

ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION

What Is Environment?
What Is Pollution?

What is environment pollution

It is the earth, all things on it, surrounding it and within it. It consists of living (plant, animals and micro organisms) and non living

components ( land, water, air). According to the Environmental protection Act 1986 Environment includes water, air, and land and the interrelationship which exist among and between water, air, and land and human beings, other living creatures, plants, microorganisms and property. The study of the relationships between various organisms and their environment is called ecology. Ecology is the study of the interrelationship among societies, environment and technology.

Environmental Pollution
To Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, environment pollution means the presence in the environment of any solid, liquid, or gaseous substance in such concentration, that may be or tend to be, injurious to the environment.
Acc.

Sources of Pollution: Industrial affluent Pesticides Waste material Discharge of sewage into rivers and lakes.

SOURCES OF POLLUTION

A I R P O L LU T I O N S M O K E F RO M C H I M N E YS V E H I C L ES U S E O F D O M EST I C F U E L

SOURCES OF AIR POLLUTION

CONTD.
Water Pollution Industrial Affluent Pesticides & fertilizers Discharge of sewage

POLLUTANTS RELEASED BY VARIOUS INDUSTRIES

Tanneries Textiles Distilleries Fertilizers Steel Mills Oil refineries Drug & pharmaceuticals Sugar

METHODS OF EFFLUENT TREATMENT

Treatment Of Air

Pollutants Treatment Of Water Pollutants

TREATMENT OF AIR POLLUTANTS

Mechanical Separation: Air containing particles

of the pollutants is passed through chambers and matter being heavier than air settle down at bottom Electrostatic Separation's: The particles get attracted towards the plate and are collected.

Air Pollution
Filtering: The particulate pollutants are caught in

filtering materials. This method is considered to be very effective and very popular too. Scrubbing: In this method, minute drops of water are used to trap particular matter. In this method as some gases reacts with water. Even gaseous pollutants can be eliminated

TREATMENT OF WATER POLLUTANTS

Primary Treatment
Removal

of chemical, particulate or suspended matter by mechanical means. Mechanical devices such as screen, filters are used to remove particles.

Water Pollution-Treatment
Secondary Treatment

Is carried out to eliminate pollutants such as proteins, carbohydrates and or fats that can not be removed by or are carried out from primary treatments. Secondary treatment is generally made by using suitable micro-organisms.

Water Pollution-Treatment
Tertiary Treatment
Removal

of harmful substances by use of chemical methods. Chemicals such as detergents, pesticides and petrochemicals calls for modern treatment methods. In the method called oxidation, pollutants are converted in to harm less substances through oxidation.

ENVIRONMENTAL LAW IN INDIA

The important legislations regarding pollution control are : i. The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, passed in 1971. ii. The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, passed in 1981. iii. The Environmental (Protection) Act, passed in 1986.

THE WATER (PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF POLLUTION) ACT-1971

Prevent and control the pollution of water. Central and State Pollution Control Boards &

delegate the power to achieve the aim. Major provision of the Act: Draining effluents is prohibited. No person should cause or permit entry of any poisonous, noxious or polluting matter Fines and punishments have been prescribed Annual pollution Standards were laid down.

THE AIR (PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF POLLUTION) ACT-1981

Responsibilities delegated to Boards set up under the

Water Act. No person is allowed to set up industrial plant in air pollution control area. The section 20 prescribes emission norms for motor vehicles. Both the Acts Criticized by experts. The definition of offenses is not clear hence it is difficult to prove the offenses.

THE ENVIRONMENTAL (PROTECTION) ACT-1986

Empowers Central Govt. to lay down procedures and

safeguards for preventing the accidents that may cause environmental pollution Standard limits on concentration of polluting substances that can released in to environment have been prescribed. In case of violation, concerned authorities have to be informed immediately. Citizens are empowered to initiate proceedings against any establishment causing pollution. Punishments have been made more stringent.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF PROJECTS

EIA is defined as:

Identification Prediction Interpretation Communication

of information about the imact of a project on mans health and well being. Study of changes in socio-economic and bio-physical attributes of the environment , which may result from the project.

EIS GENERALLY CONTAINS

Description of the project Impact of the project on each components Possible alternative project that do not cause adverse

effects Proposed measures Unavoidable pollution in spite taking all possible measures. Amount of resources that have to be committed.

PROCEDURE FOR CARRYING OUT STUDY

Nature and amount of resources to be used by the

project Identify nature and extent of impact on various components of the environment. Identify, areas surrounding of the project that are affected . Components of the environment that are destroyed by the projects Evaluate the projects desirability by considering above factors.

Project Appraisal
The project Appraisal consist of: Market Appraisal Technical Appraisal

Financial Appraisal
Economic Appraisal Environmental Appraisal We have completed all these aspects of project Appraisal

THANK YOU!!!