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ROLE OF CELLS
Cytology is the study of cells Basic unit of all life Have all characteristics of life Can live independently of other cells
MICROSCOPES
Used to study structures too small to see with the unaided eye Types of microscopesSingle lens Compound light Transmission electron Scanning electron
PLASMA MEMBRANE
Encloses cell contents Participates in cellular activities Bilayer structure
Phospholipids Cholesterol Proteins
NUCLEUS
DNA
Instructions for every protein in the body
Gene
DNA instructions for one protein
Genetic code
The chemical language of DNA instructions:
sequence of bases (A, T, C, G)
Triplet code:
3 bases = 1 amino acid
CYTOPLASM
Material that fills the cell from the nuclear membrane to the plasma membrane Cytosol Organelles Endoplasmic reticulum Ribosomes Mitochondria Golgi apparatus Lysosomes Peroxisomes Vesicles Centrioles
ORGANELLES
Endoplasmic Reticulum- (ER) used for transportation highway of the cell
ORGANELLES
Golgi- packages materials to be shipped out of cell, or to another part of the cell Lysosomes- digest waste Peroxisomes- destroy peroxide which can build up in the cell
ORGANELLES
Centrioles- assist with cell division
VARIATIONS IN CELLS
Individual cells vary widely Size Shape Function
STRUCTURE OF DNA
DNA and RNA have similar structures Four nucleotides Adenine (A) Guanine (G) Cytosine (C) Thymine (T) or uracil (U) Sugar Ribose or deoxyribose Phosphate Nitrogen base
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
The Role of Gene Activation in Protein Synthesis
The nucleus contains chromosomes Chromosomes contain DNA DNA stores genetic instructions for proteins Proteins determine cell structure and function
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
Transcription
Copies instructions from DNA to mRNA (in
nucleus)
Translation
Ribosome reads code from mRNA (in cytoplasm) Assembles amino acids into polypeptide chain
Processing
By ER and Golgi apparatus produce protein
TRANSCRIPTION
TRANSLATION
ROLE OF RNA
Protein synthesis Transcription
Messenger RNA (mRNA) is created from DNA
Translation
Transfer RNA (tRNA) interacts with ribosome and mRNA to create amino acid chain Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) makes up the ribosome
CELL DIVISION
Meiosis
Sex cells (eggs and sperm)
Mitosis
Somatic cells (all other body cells)
PHASES OF MITOSIS
OSMOSIS
Movement of water across membrane Helps to balance solute concentrations
PASSIVE TRANSPORT
Requires no energy from the cell, it naturally occurs Can be facilitated by membrane proteins, or simple (going between phospholipids)
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
Active transport Occurs when molecules are large or too polar to go through membrane unassisted. - Use transport proteins - or Vesicular transport
Endocytosis
Phagocytosis Pinocytosis
Exocytosis
ENDOCYTOSIS
STUDY!
You should be familiar with all of the examples/definitions in table 3-5
CELL AGING
As cells multiply, changes occur that may lead to their damage or death Free radical injury Enzyme injury Gene alteration or mutation Slowing cell activity Apoptosis