DR.

SURYAA

Innermost tunic of the eyeball , is a thin delicate and transparent membrane. Mostly highly developed tissue of the eye. Extends from the optic disc to the ora serrata an has as surface area upto 266 mm Three regions :optic disc macula lutea peripheral retina

Outermost layer

Firmly adherent to bruch membrane.

Photoreceptor renewal Maintains integrity of subretinal space Transport of nutrients and metabolites. Phagocyte action Provides mechanical support.

FUNCTONS

Rods Used for scotopic vision (vision under low light conditions)

Cones Used for photopic vision (vision under high light conditions)

Very light sensitive; sensitive to scattered light Loss causes night blindness
Low visual acuity Not present in fovea Slow response to light, stimuli added over time

Not very light sensitive; sensitive to only direct light Loss causes legal blindness High visual acuity; better spatial resolution Concentrated in fovea
Fast response to light, can perceive more rapid changes in stimuli

Have more pigment than cones, so can detect lower light levels

Have less pigment than rods, require more light to detect images

Stacks of membrane-enclosed disks Disks are attached to outer are unattached to cell membrane membrane directly 20 times more rods than cones in the retina Three types of photosensitive One type of photosensitive pigment pigment in humans

In low magnification, it appears extending from ora serrata to optic disc Through which it passes rods an cones. Junctions' formed by zonulae adherentes.

Formed by the nuclei of rods an cones. Cones are larger than rods. Cones are dominant in foveal region Rodes are multilayered.

External limitating membrane

Outer nuclear layer

Henele s layer Synapses between rod spherules and cone pedicles with the dendrites of the bipolar cells and the horizontal cells. Thickest at the macula.

Dissapears at fovea Consists off: Bipolar cells Horizontal cells Amacrine cells Soma of the muller cells Capillaries of the central retinal artery.

Outer plexiform layer

Inner nuclear layer

Neurons of first order of vision Lies in inner nuclear layer. Dendrites arborize with rod spherules and cone pedicles in outer plexiform layer and their axons arborize with ganglion cells.

Rod bipolar cells invaginating midjet bipolar cells Flat midjet bipolar cells invaginating diffuse bipolar cells flat diffuse bipolar cells. On centre blue cone bipolar cells. Of centre blue cone bipolar cells. Gaint bistratified bipolar cells. Gaint diffuse invaginating bipolar cells.

Bipolar cells

subtypes

Flat cells. Interconnections bet photoreceptors and bipolar cells in outer plexiform layer. Type A cells. Type B cells.

Pyriform body connections with the axons of the bipolar cells and the dendrites and the soma of the ganglion cells.

HORIZONTAL NURONS

AMACRINE CELLS

Located in the inner nuclear layer. Fibers from their outer ends extend upto the ELM. Inner ends reach upto ILM. Function:structural support and contribute to the metabolism of sensory retina.

retina contains: astrocytes Microglia Oligodendrocytes.

MULLER CELLS

OTHER GLIAL CELLS

Synapses between the axons of bipolar cells { first order neurons} dendrites of ganglion cells {second order neurons } Process of integrative amacrine cells. Layer is absent at foveola.

Cell bodies and nuclei of ganglion cells lie in this layer. Composed of single row of cells. Absent in the region of fovela.

W,X,Y cells. P and M cells. OF centre and ON centre cells. Monosynaptic and polysynaptic cells.

GANGILON CELL LAYER

CLASSIFICATION

Consist of unmylinated axons of ganglion cells. Converge at the optic nerve head ,pass via lamina and become unsheathed by myelin. Neuroglial cells : macroglia and microglia.

Consist of PAS positive true basement membrane. Four elements: collagen fibrils proteoglycans of the vitreous. Basement membrane. plasmamembrane of muller cells.

NERVE FiBRE LAYER

INTERNAL LIMITATING MEMBRANE

Pale pink disc 1.5mm diameter All retinal layers terminate except the nerve fibre layer. Pass through lamina cribosa an enter into optic nerve.

Yellow spot 5.5 mm in size Fovea centralis is the central depressed part of the macula about 1.85mm and 0.25 mm thickness. Foveola is 0.35mm

There are no rods ,cones are larger, in abundance and tightly packed. its central part consists of cones and nuclei covered by a thin ILM. All other retinal layers are absent in the foveolar region.

Outer four layers of retina choriocapillaries Six inner layers central retinal arteries. Outer plexiform layer gets its blood supply partially from the CRA and choriocapillaries by diffusion. Fovea is avascular area. Macular region supplied by twigs of sup,inf temporal branches of CRA.

The endothelial cells are bound together by zonula occluens type. They prohibit free flow of fluids and solutes from the vascular lumen into the retinal interstitium and thus from a BRB. Presence of this BRB is confirmed by absence of fluorescin leakage from these caplliaries.

THANK YOU