GRAMMAR AND USAGE

Presented to: MR. LACATAN Presented by GROUP III

GRAMMAR AND USAGE

Descriptive linguistics or the new linguistic makes a distinction between grammar and usage. According to JAMES McMILLAN if the language habits of one group of people are respected or disliked by other people, the respect or dislike is a matter of social psychology not grammar. According to HAROLD B.ALLEN grammar is the description of what goes on inside a language and usage is the relationship between what goes on inside a language and the context of speaker, audience, time, place and occasion in which it occurs.

VARIATIONS AND DIFFERENCES IN USAGE

Four main types of differences in language use According to Charles Carpenter Fries :
Historical differences-used in historical period that uses double negatives. Example is : I hardly didnt know him. Regional differences-examples are -eth is used in southern England in early modern English -es is used in the late modern English you all used in southern United States you commonly used

VARIATIONS AND DIFFERENCES IN USAGE

Literary and colloquial differences- words and phrases used in casual situations by the people. Example: A really good example would be to look at the way different people refer to carbonated drinks - in the US, we can tell where you are from by how you ask for your beverage! People in the northeastern and middle states call it "pop," while people in the western states say "soda." Social or class differences-these are the general social habits of separated social groups. Example: the pronunciation of ketch for catch, git for get

5 main types of complex speech community According to LEONARD BLOOMFIELD:

1. Literary standard which is used in the most formal discussions and writings. Example: I have none. 2. Colloquial standard are the speech of the privilege class. Example: I havent any or I havent got any.

3. Provincial standard- kind of speech spoken by the middle class and slightly different from province to province.

4. Substandard spoken in European countries in the lower class. Example: I aint got none.
5. Local dialect is spoken by the least privileged class.

4 categories of the language habits according to JOHN SAMUEL KENYON:

1. Formal standard is normally used in very correct situation and in elegant writing such as oratory. 2. Informal standard used by people in their everyday transactions or conversations.

Example: Its me. Thats yours. Ill come there.

3. Formal nonstandard is formed in an attempt of those whose native speech is informal like that of professionals, intellectuals and the socially acceptable. Example: You and me better go home. 4. Informal nonstandard examples are He beat it. you and me better go home.

PRINCIPAL VARIETIES OF ENGLISH IDENTIFIED BY PERRIN

1. FORMAL English are often used in writing than in speaking. Examples: addresses and lectures to special audiences Editorials Essay and literary 2. General English is common in speech and in writings like conversations and discussions of educated persons like us. 3. Informal English are more often spoken than written. This includes shoptalk, slang or localisms or provincialisms. 4. Nonstandard English is chiefly spoken. These are languages of those who have not taken any school instructions.

The greater part of the world's troubles are due to questions of grammar