Assigned by Dr.

Muhammad Iqbal
PRESENTED BY MARIA AYOUB ROLL# 301

Weed management in Rice Crop

What is a weed?
Any unwanted plant in the field is known as weed. Any plant that compete with our main crop for space,

sunlight, nutrient and water.

Principles of weed management

(a) Adapting the weed management options that

suits to the environment of the region, including soil, water, climate and biota present at the site.
(b) Optimizing the use of biological and

chemical/physical resources for effective management of weeds in rice.

 Seed banks must be managed at low densities to

reduce the potential for a buildup of intractably high weed populations.

Weed Management in rice

I. II. III. IV.

Effect of weeds on rice Types of weeds found in rice Critical period of crop weed competition Methods of weed control

I. Effect of weeds on rice

1. Reduce the yield and quality of rice by competing for nutrients, water and sunlight Upland direct seeded rice : 35-45% reduction in yield Direct seeded on puddle land : 20-25% reduction in yield

Transplanted rice

: 10-15% reduction in yield

2. Weeds intensify the pest and disease problem by serving as alternate host 3. Reduce the efficiency of harvesting 4. Reduce the land value 5. Problems of water contamination

Effect of weeds on shoot growth of rice

The number of tillers per plant was markedly reduced in rice varieties due to weeds competition at all the three growth stages; 90, 120 and 150 days after sowing (DAS). However, the effect was generally more pronounced at the later two growth stages as compared to the early one (90 DAS).

Effect of weeds on yield of rice

The results of various parameters of yield such as number of panicle, ear dry weight and grain yield reduced.

Effect of weeds on root growth of rice: Reduce the dry weight of root

II. Types of weeds

A. Low land rice

1. Annual grasses Echinocloa crusgalli English name: Barnyard grass Local name: Sawank

Family: Poacea

Echinocloa colonum L. English name: Wild rice Local name: chotta sawank Family: Poacea

2.Annual broad leaf weeds (dicotyledons)

Monochoria vaginalis Common name: Monochoria, oval-leaf monochoria, pickerelweed Family: Pontederiaceae

Marselia quadrifolia L. Common name: Four Leaf Clover, Water Shamrock

Family: Marsileaceae

3.Annual sedges

Cyperus difformis L. English name: Sedge, smallflower umberlla Local name: motha Family: Cyperaceae

Cyperus iria L. English name: Yellow sedge (Umbrella sedge) Local name: Dila Family: Cyperaceae

Fimbristylis milacea L. Common name: grasslike fimbry and globe fringerush

Family: Cyperaceae

4.Perennial grass

Panicum repense L. Common name: Torpedograss, creeping panic

Family: Poaceae

Paspalum conjugatum Common name: Buffalo grass, carabao grass,

Family: Poaceae

5.Perennial sedges

Scirpus maritimus L. Common name: Bulrush, alkali bulrush, Family: Cyperaceae

B. Upland rice

1.Annual grasses (Graminae family) Echinochloa colonum L. English name: Wild rice Local name: chotta sawank Family: Poacea

Digitaria sanguinalis L. Common name: Hairy crabgrass

Family: Poacea

Dactyloctenium aegyptium L. Common name: Egyptian crowfoot

Family: Poacea

2.Annual broad leaf weeds (dicotyledons)

Amaranthus spinosus L. Common name: Spiny amaranth

Family: Amaranthaceae

Ageratum conyzoides L. Common name: Goat weed

Family: Asteracae

Commelina benghalensis L. Common name: Benghal dayflower

Family: Commelinaceae

Eclipta alba English name: False daisy Local name: Jal bhangra Family: Asteraceae

Portulaca oleracia L. Common name: Green purslane

Family: Portulacacaeae

Trianthema portulacastrum L. Common name: Desert horse purslane Family: Aizoaceae

3.Annual sedges

Cyperus iria L. English name: Yellow sedge (Umbrella sedge) Local name: Dila Family: Cyperaceae

4. Perennial grasses

Imperata cylindrica L. Common name: Cogongrass

Family: Poaceae

Cynodon dactylon L. Common name: Ber-muda grass or Dub grass

Family: poacea

5. Perennial sedges

Cyperus rotandus L. English name: Purple nut sedge Local name: motha Family: Cyperaceae

III. Crop-weed competition - Depends on

1. Type of rice culture Up land- severe competition Low land- Less competition Deep water- Less competition

2. Method of crop establishment

Transplanting- Less to moderate

Direct seeding- Severe competition

3. Variety

Tall - Less competition

Semi dwarf- More competition

Low tillering- More weed competition High tillering- Less competition

4. Cultural practices

Land preparation Puddled - Less competition un puddled- More competition

Critical period of crop weed competition:

The period from sowing up to which the crop has to

be maintained in a weed free environment for remunerative crop production. 30-40 DAT

 Important factors include: rice seeding method, soil

moisture, crop rotation, type and amount of ferilisers applied, time of ferilisers application, rice cultivar, water management crop management and weed control methods used.

How long we should keep the rice field free of weeds?

Transplanted rice: 30-45 days after transplanting

Direct seeded rice: 15-45 days after seeding

IV. Methods of weed control

I. Preventive methods

They check weed introduction and spread of weed

seeds. Easy and economical Preventive measures include use of weed free seeds; weed free seed bed, clean tools and machinery, clean irrigation canals.

II. Complementary practices

1. Land preparation: Puddling before transplanting incorporates weeds and gives rice seedlings a head start over weeds.

Pre-planting control
The pre-planting method consisted of land

preparation in dry soils, followed by fast irrigation, puddling, draining the field for the emergence of new weed flushes, application of glyphosate, flooding again and rice seeding over a slight water layer.

 Land preparation began with puddling, draining the

field, glyphosate application, flooding and seeding as above. The control of weed flushes in some areas was conducted mechanically after drainage.

2. Using weed free crop seed and seedlings 3. Planting methods: Straight-row planting: Easy to weed by hand or by mechanical tool Random planting : Difficult to weed and to pass mechanical tool Transplanting: Weed competition is less Direct seeding: Weed competition is severe

4. Variety: Tall growing traditional varieties: Compete more with weeds Modern semi dwarf varieties : weed problem is more 5. Plant spacing and density Closer spacing: Minimize weed competition Higher density: Minimize weed competition

6. Fertilizer application: Apply fertilizer after weeding 7. Water management Continues submergence: Minimize weed growth Alternate wetting and drying: More weed growth

8.Sowing IMI rice 9. Crop rotation The two year rotation consists of one year of rice followed by one year of no-tilled green fallow. The four year rotation is rice, beans, wheat and corn.

Biological control
Weed Species Natural Enemies

Cyperus rotundus

Athesapenta cyperi (Rhizome and boring weevil), Bactra minima (Tertric stem borer), Bactra venesoma.

stem

Salvinia (Water fern)

molesta

Grasshoppers (Paulinia acuminata)

Hydrilla, (Water fern)

Chara

White amur, Tilapia (Fishes).

Direct methods of weed control

1. Hand weeding: Pulling by hand or using tools like hoe, spade or sickle Take up one or two hand weeding between 20-42 days after transplanting Advantages: Most common, easy and effective. Can be taken up even where random planting is done Disadvantage: Costly, Laborious

2. Mechanical weeding
Rotary weeder: Pushed by hand or powered between

straight rows Advantages: Saves labour Disadvantage: Require row transplanting or seeding

3. Chemical weeding

Herbicides: Chemicals that is capable of killing

some plants (weeds) without significantly affecting the other plants (crops).

Advantages of herbicide
1. Pre emergent herbicides provide early season weed control. This is beneficial as weed competition is more severe during early stages than later stages. 2. Herbicides can be applied to weed control in crop rows where cultivation is not possible. 3. Very effective than other methods. 4. Systemic herbicides can control many perennial weed and brush species which cannot be efficiently controlled by other methods. 5. They reduce the need for pre planting tillage

Time of application Herbicides Trade Name Dose(kg/ha) (Days after transplanting)

a.i
Pre-emergent 2,4-D Ethyl ester Weedex 5%G Machete 50EC Butachlor 1.25 0.75

Commercial product

15

5-7

2.5

5-7

Butachlor
Thiobencarb Pretilachlor Oxadiazon 25 EC

Machete 5%G
Saturn Eraze-x50 EC

1.5
4 0.5

30

5-7
5

1.00

5-7

Ronstar

0.5-1.0

3-5

Oxadiargyl

Oxadiargyl 80%WP Anilogaurd

0.1

0.125

3-5

Anilofos 30EC Quinclorac50%WP Bensulfuron methyl 60%DF Pendimethalin Pyrazosulfuron ethyl Post emergent Facet Londax Stomp 30EC

0.45

1.50

5-7

0.186 0.1 0.9-1.0 0.02-0.03

0.375 0.166 3.0-3.5

3-5 5 3-5 3

2,4-D Sodium salt 80%EC Fernoxone 2.0 2.5 21-28

Propanil 35 EC

Stam

2.5

7.5

1-2 leaf stage

Triazolopyramidine sulfonamide

0.015-0.025

15

Integrated weed Management (IWM): Creative application of agronomic, mechanical biological and chemical methods usually referred to as integrated weed management.

Integrated weed Management (IWM) in transplanted rice:

1.Puddling , Pre.em application of Butachlor 50EC

@2.5kg/ha 5-7 days after transplanting + one hand weeding 30-40 days after transplanting or 2. Puddling, Pre.em application of Butachlor 50EC @2.5kg/ha 5-7 days after transplanting + post emergent application of 2, 4-D EE @1.0 kg/ha at two to three leaf stage of weeds. or 3. Puddling, Pre.em application of Oxadiargyl @0.075 kg/ha 5-7 days after transplanting + continuous submergence of water.

B. Wet seeded rice on puddled land

1. Hand weeding: Pulling by hand or using tools like hoe, spade or sickle. Take up one or two hand weeding between 20-42 days after sowing.

2. Chemical
Herbicide Trade Name Dose(kg/ha) Time of application (Days after sowing )

a.i

commercial

Pre-emergent
Anilofos Anilogaurd 30EC 0.45 1.5 7

Pyrazo-sulfuron ethyl
Pretilachlor + safener Halosulfuron methyl Bensulfuron methyl Londax 60%DF Eraze-x

0.025
0.75 0.015 0.1 0.166 1.5

10
7 3 5

Integrated weed Management (IWM) in wet seeded rice:

1. Pre.em application of Anilofos @ 0.4 kg/ha + 2

hand weedings at 30 and 60 DAS 1. Pre.em application of Pretilachlor @ 0.5 kg/ha + 2 hand weedings at 30 and 60 DAS

C. Upland dry seeded rice

1. Hand weeding: Pulling by hand or using tools like hoe, spade or sickle. Take up one or two hand weeding between 20-42 days after sowing. 2. Mechanical weeding: Repeated inter cultivation by passing hoe or small blade harrow 2-3 times between 20-45 days after sowing.

Herbicide

Trade Name

Dose (kg/ha)

Time of application (DAS)

a.i Pre-plant Molinate Trifluralin Pre-emergent Alachlor Lassso 50EC 0.5-1.0 Ordram Treflan 2-3 1.0-1.5

commercial

Before sowing Before sowing

1-2

3-5

Butachlor Thiobencarb Anilofos Oxadiargyl Topstar

1.25 1.5 0.4 0.1

2.5 3.0 1.5 0.125

5 5-7 5-7 3-5

Bensulfuron methyl

Londax 60%DF

0.1

0.166

Pendimethalin

Stomp 30EC

1.0

3.0

Post emergent Propanil 35 EC Stam 2.5 7.5 4 weeks after sowing

Ethoxy sulfuron Triclopyr

0.018 0.5

21

Integrated weed Management (IWM) in dry sown rice

1. Pre.em application of Butachlor 1.5+ 2,4-D

0.5kg/ha 5-7 days after sowing + one hand weeding 30 DAS. 2. Pre.em application of Thiobencarb 1.5+ 2,4-D 0.5kg/ha 5-7 days after sowing + one hand weeding 30 DAS. 3.Pre.em application of Anilofos 0.4+ 2,4-D 0.5kg/ha 5-7 days after sowing + one hand weeding 30 DAS.

D. Deep water rice

1. Hand weeding: Pulling by hand or using tools like hoe, spade or sickle. Take up one or two hand weeding between 20-42 days after sowing. 2. Mechanical weeding: Repeated inter cultivation by passing hoe or small blade harrow 2 times between 20-42 days after sowing.

3. Chemical
Herbicide Trade Name Dose(kg/ha) Time of application (DAS)

a.i

commercial

Post-emergent

2,4-D

0.75

4-6 weeks after establishment

MCPA

0.75