DEFINITION The maximum or ultimate stress the material can sustain against the force of landslide, failure, etc.

APPLICATION Soil Strength can be used for calculating :

Bearing Capacity of Soil Slope Stability Lateral Pressure

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EMBANKMENT LANDSLIDE

GLOBAL FAILURE OF SHALLOW FOUNDATION

LOCAL FAILURE OF SHALLOW FOUNDATION

VERTICAL SLOPE

RETAINING EARTH WALL

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FIELD INFLUENCE FACTOR

LABORATORY

Soil Condition : void ratio, particle shape and size Soil Type : Sand, Sandy, Clay etc Water Content (especially for clay) Type of Load and its Rate Anisotropic Condition

Test Method Sample Disturbing Water Content Strain Rate

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PARAMETER CONDITION
Cohesion (c) Internal Friction Angle () Total (c and ) Effective (c and )

GENERAL EQUATION (COULOMB) = c + n.tan

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 COHESIVE

SOIL Soil

COHESIONLESS

Has cohesion (c) Example : Clay, Silt

Only has internal friction angle () ; c =0 Example : Sand, Gravel

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COHESION (C) Sticking together of like materials. INTERNAL FRICTION ANGLE () The stress-dependent component which is similar to sliding friction of two or more soil particles

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UNDRAINED SHEAR STRENGTH Use for analysis of total stress Commonly = 0 and c = cu DRAINED SHEAR STRENGTH Use for analysis of effective stress, with parameter c and = c + (n u) tan

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= c + .tan
Mohr-Coulomb envelope line

Mohr envelope line

c 3 3 1 1 = 3 + 1

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LABORATORY TESTS

FIELD INVESTIGATION
Vane Shear Test

Unconfined Compression Test Direct Shear Test Triaxial Test (UU, CU, CD)

PARAMETER CORRELATIONS
Cone Resistance (qc) N-SPT Value California Bearing Capacity

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qu cu s u 2

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Clay/Silt

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3 Conditions Unconsolidated Undrained (UU) Consolidated Undrained (CU) Consolidated Drained (CD)

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Test Condition

Stage 1

3 3

Stage 2

3 3

Unconsolidated Undrained (UU)

Apply confining pressure 3 while the drainage line from the specimen is kept closed (drainage is not permitted), then the initial pore water pressure (u=uo) is not equal to zero

Apply an added stress at axial direction. The drainage line from the specimen is still kept closed (drainage is not permitted) (u=ud0). At failure state =f ; pore water pressure u=uf=uo+ud(f)

Consolidated Undrained (CU)

Apply confining pressure 3 while the drainage line from the specimen is opened (drainage is permitted), then the initial pore water pressure (u=uo) is equal to zero
Apply confining pressure 3 while the drainage line from the specimen is opened (drainage is permitted), then the initial pore water pressure (u=uo) is equal to zero

Apply an added stress at axial direction. The drainage line from the specimen is kept closed (drainage is not permitted) (u=ud0). At failure state =f ; pore water pressure u=uf=uo+ud(f)=ud(f)
Apply an added stress at axial direction. The drainage line from the specimen is opened (drainage is permitted) so the pore water pressure (u=ud) is equal to zero. At failure state =f ; pore water pressure u=uf=uo+ud(f)=0

Consolidated Drained (CD)

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SELECTION OF TRIAXIAL TEST

Soil type Type of construction Type of tests and shear strength

Cohesive

Short term (end of construction time)

Triaxial UU or CU for Undrained Strength with appropriate level of insitu strength

Staging Construction

Triaxial CU for Undrained Strength with appropriate level of insitu strength

Triaxial CU with pore water pressure measurement or Triaxial CD for effective shear strength parameter Strength parameter which is got from field investigation or direct shear test

Long term

Granular

All

Material c-

Long Term

Triaxial CU with pore water pressure measurement or Triaxial CD for effective shear strength parameter

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Embankment constructed rapidly over a soft clay deposit

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Large earth dam constructed rapidly with no change in water content of clay core

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Footing placed rapidly on clay deposit

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Embankment raised (2) subsequent to consolidation under its original height (1)

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Rapid drawdown behind an earth dam No drainage of the core. Reservoir level falls from 1 2

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Rapid construction of an embankment on a natural slope

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Embankment constructed very slowly, in layers, over a soft clay deposit

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Earth dam with steady-state seepage

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Excavation or natural slope in clay

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CU with pore water pressure measurement

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