BFF3103 Mechanical Vibration

Forced Vibration Undamped

Lesson-03 Objectives
Students will be able to:

Obtain the harmonic response of systems
having a SDOF
Obtain the transfer function from the EOM
Determine the total response frequency, peak
response and bandwidth
Analyze the displacement and transmitted force
of the systems having base excitation
Solve the problem related to undamped and
damped harmonic response SDOF vibration
Todays Objectives
Students will be able to:
Identify the harmonic response of SDOF
Obtained the response of an undamped
system under harmonic force
Solve the problem related to damped SDOF
force vibration
Forced vibrations occurs when external
energy is supplied to the system during
vibration

The external force can be supplied
through either an applied force or an
imposed displacement excitation, which
may be harmonic, nonharmonic but
periodic, nonperiodic, or random in
nature.

Harmonic response results when the
system responses to a harmonic
excitation

Transient response is defined as the
response of a dynamic system to
suddenly applied nonperiodic
excitations

There are 4 categories of F(t):
(1) Harmonic (sin, cos) (3) Transient
(2) Periodic (4) Random
Equation of Motion
The equation of Motion Using Newtons Second
Law of Motion:
) (t F kx x c x m = + +

The homogeneous
solution of the equation:
0 = + + kx x c x m

Equation of Motion
The variations of homogeneous, particular, and
general solutions with time
Response of an Undamped System Under
Harmonic Force
t F t F e cos ) (
0
=
t F kx x m e cos
0
= +

t
n
D t
n
C t
h
x e e sin cos ) ( + =
The homogeneous solution is
where is the natural frequency.
2 / 1
) / ( m k
n
= e
where denotes the static deflection
where X is the maximum amplitude of x
p
(t)
t X t x
p
e cos ) ( =
2 2
0
1
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
n
st
m k
F
X
e
e
o
e
k F
st
/
0
= o
Thus,
t
m k
F
t
n
D t
n
C t x e
e
e e cos
2
0
sin cos ) (

+ + =
Because the exciting force and particular solution is
harmonic and has same frequency, we can assume a
solution in the form:
Using initial conditions
Hence,
0 0
) 0 ( and ) 0 ( x t x x t x

= = = =
n
x
D
m k
F
x C
e
e
0
,
2
0
0

=
t
m k
F
t
x
t
m k
F
x t x
n
n
n
e
e
e
e
e
e
cos
sin cos ) (
2
0
0
2
0
0
|
.
|

\
|

+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|

=

The max amplitude:
2
1
1
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
n
st
X
e
e
o
where the quantity is
called the magnification
factor, amplification factor, or
amplitude ratio. The
response of the system can
be identified to be of three
types from the figure.
st
X o /
Case 1. When 0 < < 1, the denominator is positive
and the response is given without change. The
harmonic response of the system is in phase with
external force.
n
e e /
2
1
1
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
n
st
X
e
e
o
where the amplitude,
Case 2. When > 1, the denominator is negative
and the steady-state solution can be expressed as
n
e e /
t X t x
p
e cos ) ( =
1
2

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
n
st
X
e
e
o
Case 3. When = 1, the amplitude X given
becomes infinite. This condition, for which the forcing
frequency is equal to the natural frequency of the
system, is called resonance. Hence, the total response
if the system at resonance becomes
t
t
t
x
t x t x
n
n st
n
n
n
e
e o
e
e
e
sin
2
sin cos ) (
0
0
+
+ =

n
e e /
Total Response
1 for ; cos
1
) cos( ) (
2
<
|
|
.
|

\
|

+ =
n
n
st
n
t t A t x
e
e
e
e
e
o
| e
1 for ; cos
1
) cos( ) (
2
>
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
n
n
st
n
t t A t x
e
e
e
e
e
o
| e
and
Beating Phenomenon
If the forcing frequency is close to, but not exactly equal
to, the natural frequency of the system, beating may
occur. The phenomenon of beating can be expressed as:
t t
m F
t x e c
ce
sin sin
2
/
) (
0
|
.
|

\
|
=
The time between the points of zero amplitude or the
points of maximum amplitude is called the period of
beating and is given by
e e
t
c
t
t

= =
n
b
2
2
2
The frequency of beating defined as
e e c e = =
n b
2