Law Jeng Yih Ext: 2107

Multiphase

What is multiphase????
A system consists more than one phase such boiling water: liquid / steam (gas) Melting ice: solid / liquid Brewing a cup of coffee: Hot liquid of water and solid ground coffee bean

LAW JENG YIH

Volatility = degree of species tends to transfer to vapor from liquid or solid Antoine Equation (most common)

B log 10 P A T C
*

Example of process: Evaporation, Drying, Humidification (involve transfer of liquid into the gas phase) Condensation, Dehumidification (involve transfer of the condensable species from gas to liquid phase)

Superheated vapor: A vapor present in a gas in less than its saturation amount!

In the definitions to be given, the term saturation refers to any gas-vapor combination, while humidity refers to specifically to an airwater system.

EXAMPLE 1a :

EXAMPLE 1a :

EXAMPLE 1b :

EXAMPLE 1b :

Raoultss Law :

p A y A P x A p A (T )
*

Where :

xA mole fraction in liquid yA mole fraction in gas

Henrys Law :

p A y A P x A H A (T )
*

Where :

xA mole fraction in liquid yA mole fraction in gas HA(T) is Henrys Law constant

When a liquid is a mixture of several component: - when it is heated slowly at const P, the temp at which the first vapor bubble forms is the bubble-point temperature at the given P.
- when a gas (vapor) is cooled slowly at const P, the temp at which the first liq droplet forms is the dew-point temperature at the given P.

Assuming an ideal solution and Raoults law applies, the partial pressures of vapor components:

pi xi pi (Tbp ), i A, B,...
*

Since we have A, B, present in the system, the sum of partial pressures must be the total pressure (Daltons law)

P xA p (Tbp ) xB pB (Tbp ) ...

* A *

The bubble-point temperature may be calculated by trial & error as the Tbp satisfies this eqn.

Again, a gas phase that contains condesable components A, B, C, at fix P. At Tdp it will be equilibrium with the 1st liq that forms. Assuming Raoults law applies, the liq phase mole fraction:

The mole fractions of liq components must sum to 1: yAP yB P

yi P xi * , i A, B,... pi (Tdp ) ..., 1

p (Tdp )

* A

pB (Tdp )

The dew-point temperature may be calculated by trial & error.

Vapor-liq equilibrium calc for binary (twocomponent) systems can be simplified using a Txy diagram at a fix pressure.
Liq phase: T vs xA Vapor phase: T vs yA A is usually the more volatile component. To determine a Tbp for a given liq composition, go to the liq curve and read the desired temperature.

Move horizontally to the vapor curve to determine the vapor composition in equilibrium with the liq. To determine a Tdp for a given vapor mixture, look at specified mole frac of A in vapor phase, go to the vapor curve and read the desired temperature. Move horizontally to the liq curve to determine the liq composition in equilibrium with the vapor.

If a noncondensable species is present in the gas phase, must use eqn to calc dew point.

If water and methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) are mixed at 25C, A single phase formed if the mixture contains > 98% water or 97.7% MIBK.

otherwise, it separates into two liq phases:

98% water, 2% MIBK 97.7% MIBK, 2.3% water Termed partially miscible Termed immiscible if 2% MIBK or 2.3% water is negligible.

If a third substance is added to a two-phase liquid mixture, it distributes itself according to its relative solubility in each phase.

Water-MIBK-acetone at 25C. Here the solute acetone is completely miscible with the two solvents H2O and MIBK, although the two solvents are only partially miscible with each other. Each apex of the triangle represents a single component. Edges represent binary solutions. Exp. edge b represents solutions of H2O and acetone. K mixture of 20.0 wt% MIBK, 65.0% acetone, 15.0% water.

Any mixture whose composition falls in region A (exp. K), is single-phase liquid. Region B represents a two-phase region which will split up into two layers in equilibrium with each other. The lines within region B is known as a tie line. Such lines, connect the compositions of two phases in equilibrium with each other.

Exp. overall composition at M (55.0 wt% water, 15% acetone, 30.0% MIBK) results the mixture separates into two phases: L (85 wt% water, 12% acetone, 3% MIBK) N (4 wt% water, 20% acetone, 76% MIBK) When a mixture does not fall on a tie line, interpolation between the lines is necessary to determine composition of each phase.

THANK YOU