Question?

Does more than one instance of that operating system run on the same hardware at the same time? More than one different operating system can share the same hardware at the same time?

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Unit I - Operating System Structures

The answer is Yes.

But How?

We can do it through Virtual Machines.

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Unit I - Operating System Structures

A virtual machine provides an interface identical to the underlying bare hardware. I.e., all devices, interrupts, memory, page tables, etc.

The Virtual Machine operating system creates the illusion of multiple processes, each executing on its own processor with its own (virtual) memory.

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Unit I - Operating System Structures

P .T. O

The resources of the physical computer are shared to create the virtual machines.
CPU scheduling can create the appearance that users have

their own processor.

A normal user time-sharing terminal serves as the virtual

machine operators console.

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Unit I - Operating System Structures

Non-virtual Machine

Virtual Machine

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Unit I - Operating System Structures

Virtual Machine Monitor

A layer above the hardware provide interface to operating systems running on it is called the Virtual Machine Monitor (VMM). It provides virtual processors, memory, and virtualized I/O devices The OS which provides the virtual machine environment, is called the Host. The operating system and the applications running on it are called Guests.
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Compiled Java programs are platform independent. They produce byte codes, executed by a Java Virtual Machine (JVM). JVM consists of
a) b) c)

Class loader : Loads .class files from both Java Program and API Class verifier : It checks whether Java Byte code is Valid or not Java interpreter : It executes the Java Byte code.

Just-In-Time (JIT) compilers increases the performance

1.

It is used to turn the Byte code into Native machine language.

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Unit I - Operating System Structures

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Unit I - Operating System Structures

User goals operating system should be convenient to use, easy to learn, reliable, safe, and fast.
System goals operating system should be easy to design, implement, and maintain, as well as flexible, reliable, errorfree, and efficient.

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Unit I - Operating System Structures

policies decide what will be done. (i.e. read a string from a file)

Mechanisms determine how to implement a policy.

The separation of policy from mechanism is a very important principle, it allows maximum flexibility if policy decisions are to be changed later.

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Unit I - Operating System Structures

Traditionally OS are written in assembly language. Now a days OS is written in higher-level languages.
Code written in a high-level language: can be written faster. is more compact. is easier to understand and debug. An operating system is far easier to port (move to some other hardware) if it is written in a high-level language.

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Unit I - Operating System Structures