Population: is any entire collection of information.

Sample: is a part of the population which will be

representative of it.
Descritive statistics: branch of statistics concerned

with describing sets of measurements, both samples an populations.

Graphical Methods
To help us understand and describe better the results

and values in statistical analysis, there are several graphical techniques which represent the information in an easy way.

Histogram
5 4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 Categora 1 Serie 1 Serie 2 Serie 3 Serie 4 Serie 5

Serie 6
Serie 7 Serie 8 Serie 9 Serie 10

Chart Title
Series1 100 80 70 89 97.5

93 79
80

100 100

100 88

100

100 70

82.3379 78.6

84.67

93

100

93
60

8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

Homework
Look for the definition of:
Median Mode Mean Variance Standard deviation

100 80 70 89 98 79 93 80 100 100 82 79 79 100 88 100 85 100 70 93 100 93 60

Variable
Is a characteristic that changes or varies over time

and/or for different objects under consideration.

CLASIFICATION
NUMERICAL: Quantitative. Measure a numerical

quantity.
Discrete: Result obtained by counting.

Continuous: Result obtained by measuring.

CATEGORICAL: Qualitative. Measure a characteristic.

Frequency distribution table

Is used to organize data. The left column (called

classes or groups) includes numerical intervals on a variable being studied. The right column is a list of the frequencies, or number of observations, for each class.
Intervals ususally of equal size, must cover the range of

obsevation and must not ever (EVER!) overlap.

Rules
Rule 1: Intervals must be inclusive and non-ovrlaping;

each observation must belong to one and only one class interval. Rule 2: Determine k, the number of clases. Rule 3: Intervals should be the same width, w. The width is determined by the following:
intervals = largest number smallest number

number of intervals

Measures of central tendency

Mean: It is the sum of the data divided by the number

of data. Also known as the average.

Median:Is the number that divides the ordered data in

half.
Mode: of a set of data is the most common value

among the data.

Statistic and parameter

A statistic is a descriptive measure computed from a

sample of data. A parameter is a descriptive measure computed from an entire population of data.

Median
If we have a case like:

52 63 74 78 80 89 These should be the median, but for only keep one number, we take the average from them: m = 74 + 78 =76 2

Litres of milk per week

Number of litres 0 1 2 3 4 5 Frequency 2 5 9 5 3 1 Relative frequency 0.08 0.2 0.36 0.2 0.12 0.04

Frequency
10 8 6 4 2 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 Frequency

Range: In a set of data is the difference between the

largest and the smallest observations.

Shape of the distribution

Symmetry
Skewness Positively skewed Negatively Skewed

Variance
Is the variability between values.

= =

=1

Standard deviation
The standard amount of deviation or spread around

the mean

=1

Stock A

Stock B

Example
Stocks in
the market.

4
4.25 5 4.75 5.75

1
3 2.5 5 7

5.25
6 = 5 Median (A) = 5

6.5
10 = 5 Median (B) = 5

Interquartile range (IQR)

Measures the spread in the middle 50% of the data.
IQR = Q3-Q1

Box-and-whisker plot
Draw an axix spanning the range of the data. Mark the

numbers corresponding to the median, minimum, maximum, and the lower and upper quartiles. Draw a rectangle with the lower end at Q1 and upper end at Q3. To help us consider outliers, mark the points corresponding to lower and upper fences. Mark them with a dotted line since they are noy part of the box. The fences are constructed at the following positions: Lower fence: Q1 1.5 X IQR Upper fence Q3 + 1.5 X IQR

Raw, grouped and grouped data with intervals

Statistic Raw Data Grouped Data Grouped data with intervals

=
(Mean)

() () () ()2() ()2() ()

= = = 2 =
2

() () () ()2 () ()2() ()

= = 2 =
2

2
(Variance)

2 =

()2