MICROBIAL GROWTH

Microbial grow only if their environment is

suitable.
If it is not optimal, growth may occur at a
lower rate or not all, may die, depending on
species and condition.
Microbial growth occur in response to the
environment.
the physical and chemical environment are
essential requirements for microbial growth.
PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
1. Effect of Temperature
2. Effect of Mechanical
3. Effect of Water Activity
4. Effect of pH








1. Effect of Temperature
In general micro-organisms will grow over a
temperature range of 25 - 30
o
C.
However, in the environment, micro-organisms can
grow at temperatures below 0
o
C and above 90
o
C
although the primary requirement is liquid water.
The vegetative of most bacteria and fungi are killed
at temperature around 60
o
C within 15-20 min,
yeast and fungal spore are killed only above 80
o
C,
Microbial growth rate, as all chemical reaction, is a
function of temperature.
while bacterial spore need about 15-20 min at 121
o
C.
2. Effect of Mechanical
As a basic operation of fermentation, stirring can be
carried out mechanically, pneumatically or hydro
dynamically.
The function of stirring is: the dispersion of the
entering and rising bubbles of air, the homogenous
mixing of the nutrient medium, the production of
sufficiently high turbulence for the heat transfer.
Effect of agitation rate from many researcher show
that the optimal condition was obtained at range
100 - 200 rpm.
To prevent cell damage or prevent aeration, only low
agitator speed (50rpm) was operated and low
oxygen input is possible, therefore anaerobic
process can be maintain.
3. Effect of Water Activity
Water is important for the cell, 80 % more of the micro-
organism mass is water.
During growth. nutrients and waste products enter and
leave the cell, respectively in solution, hence micro-
organism can grow only on materials which have
adequate free water.
All activity it need water within liquid form. If the water
could crystallise or chemical bounded in glucose or salt
solution, it can not be utilised by micro-organism. The
total of water in the solution refers as water activity.
Pure water have value aw = 1.0 . The type of micro-
organism for growth need some the different water. The
bacteria generally grow only in medium with aw = 0.91,
yeast with aw = 0.78 - 0.81 and fungi aw = 0.80 - 0.87.
Inhibitory levels of substrates vary depending on the type
of cells and substrate.
Glucose may be inhibitory at concentrations above 200g/l,
probably due to a reduction in water activity







4. Effect of pH

Most bacteria grow best at or near pH 7
(neutral), and the majority can not grow under
strongly acidic or strongly alkaline condition.
They do not grow well (<5 and>8,5) exceptions
for Acetobacter and sulfur oxidizing bacteria
Hydrogen ion concentration (pH) affects the
activity of enzymes.
Yeast will grow over the range 3.5 to 7.5 (grow
well at 3-4)
Mold will grow over the range 3. to 8.5 (grow
well at 6-7)

CHEMICAL ENVIRONMENT
1. Effect of Carbon Source
2. Effect of Nitrogen Source
3. Effect of Dissolved Oxygen
1. Effect of Carbon Source
As on chemical reaction rate, The growth rate
depend on the concentration of chemical nutrients.
The relationship of substrate concentration with
specific growth rate was given by Monod Equation



where u and u max are specific and maximum
specific growth rate (h-1),S is concentration of
substrate (g/l) and Ks is Michaelis-Menten
constant.
u u =
+

m
s
S
K S
1. Effect of Carbon Source
The concentrate of glucose or salt solution can cause
osmoticlysis in the cell of micro-organism, water will
pass in through the cell membrane and out from the
cell and it will death.
High substrate concentration that are significantly
above stoichiometric requirements are inhibitory to
cellular function.
Inhibitory levels of substrates vary depending on the
type of cells and substrate.
Glucose may be inhibitory at concentrations above
200g/l. probably due to a reduction in water activity .
2. Effect of Nitrogen Source
Nitrogen (N) is second to carbon in terms of
quantity and economic importance.
It consist approximately 10 % of the dry
weight.
It serves as the building block for the
syntheses of proteins and other cellular
macro-molecules.
Ammonia gas and solution is popular in the
industry assure of nitrogen because it is
inexpensive and easy to use.
Other sources of nitrogen in fermentation
media include corn steep liquor, fish meal,
yeast extract, and protein hydrolysate .
UNTUK PERTUMBUHAN LACTOBACILLUS
PEPTON 10 g
MEAT EXTRACT 10 g
YEAST EXTRACT 5 g
GLUCOSE 2O g
TWEEN 80 1 ml
DIKALIUM HIDROGEN PHOSPHAT 2 g
SODIUM ACETAT 2 g
DIAMMONIUM CTRAT 5 g
MAGNISIUM SULPHAT 0.2 g
MANGAN SULPHAT 0.05 g
DISTILLED WATER 1000 ml

(UTK MEDIA AGAR DITAMBAH 15 g agar)


3. Effect of Dissolved Oxygen

Some micro-organism need oxygen for growth.
Micro-organism which must have oxygen for growth
are called strict or obligate aerobes.
Strict or obligated anaerobes grow only when oxygen
is absent ; these organism occur in river mud and in
the rumen.
Microorganisme which normally grow in the
presence of oxygen but which can still grow under
anaerobic condition (absence of oxygen) are called
facultative anaerobes.
Similarly, those which normally grow anaerobically
but which can grow in the present of oxygen are
called facultative aerobes.
3. Effect of Dissolved Oxygen

For all organism, including obligate aerobes,
oxygen may be toxic at any concentration.
The mechanism of oxygen toxicity is
through the formation of single oxygen,
superoxida radicals O
2-
, peroxida O
2
2
or
hydroxy free radical OH
-
which are
destructive to many cell component.
STERILISASI
Cara Alat/Kondisi/Bahan Bahan yang
diseteril
1 Pemanasan Basah
(uap)
Autoklaf/ 15-40 menit
suhu `121
o
C
Larutan Pekat,
alat kaca, dan
plastik
2 Pemanasan Kering
a. Pemanasan Lngsung Api bunsen Kawat ose
b. Pemanasan Tidak
Langsung
Oven/60-90 menit
suhu 160
o
C
Alat-alat gelas,
bahan padat
3 Pasturisasi
(pemanasan)
30 menit suhu 62
o
C
Makanam damn
Minuman
STERILISASI
Cara Alat/Kondisi/Bahan Bahan yang
diseteril
4
Tindalisasi
(pemanasan)
30 menit suhu 100
o
C berkali-
kali
Media fermentasi
5
Kimia Formaldehid, alcohol,
hidrogen peroksida,
Lysol,merkuri chloride,
ethylene oksida, halogen
Alat gelas,
ruangan,
bahan yang
tidak tahan
panas
6
Radiasi Lampu UV Plastik, Petri dish
dll.
7
Filtrasi Kapas/ filter Cairan, Udara
/gas
Kurva Pertumbuhan Mikroorganisme
1. Lag phase, 2. Exponential phase, 3. Logarithmic phase, 4. Stationer phase and 5. Death phase