ROCKS: MINERAL MIXTURES

Chapter 4

The Rock cycle

Section 1

Introduction

Rock: a naturally occurring solid mixture of one or more minerals and organic matter Rock cycle: the continual process by which new rock forms from old rock material

Processes that Shape the Earth

Weathering, Erosion, and Deposition

Weathering:

the process in which water, wind, ice, and heat break down rock Erosion: the process by which sediment is removed from its source Deposition: the process in which sediment moved by erosion is dropped and comes to rest
Deposited

in bodies of water and other low-lying areas

Processes that Shape the Earth

Heat and Pressure

Sedimentary

rock made of sediment can also form when buried sediment is squeezed by the weight of overlying layers of sediment If temperature and pressure are high enough, the rock can change into metamorphic rock The melting of rocks creates the magma that eventually cools to form igneous rock

Processes that Shape the Earth

How the Cycle Continues

Uplift:

movement within the Earth that causes rocks inside the Earth to be moved to the Earths surface
When

uplifted rock reaches the Earths surface, weathering, erosion, and deposition begin

Weathering > Erosion > Deposition > Compaction and Cementation > Metamorphism > Melting > Cooling > Solidification > Weathering

SEDIMENT

IGNEOU S ROCK

SEDIMENTARY ROCK
MAGMA! METAMORPHIC ROCK

Sedimentary Rock

Grains of sand and other sediment are eroded from hills and mountains and wash down a river to the ocean. Over time, the sediment forms thick layers on the ocean floor. Eventually, the grains of sediment are compacted and cemented together to form sedimentary rock.

Metamorphic Rock

When large pieces of the Earths crust collide, some of the rock is forced downward. At great depths, intense heat and pressure heat and squeeze the sedimentary rock to change it into metamorphic rock.

Magma

The hot liquid that forms when rock partially or completely melts is called magma. Where the metamorphic rock comes into contact with magma, the rock tends to melt. The material that began as a collection of sand grains now becomes part of the magma.

Igneous Rock

Magma is usually less dense than the surrounding rock, so magma tends to rise to higher levels of the Earths crust. Once there, the magma cools and solidifies to become igneous rock.

Sediment

Uplift and erosion expose the igneous rock at the Earths surface. The igneous rock then weathers and wears away into grans of sand and clay. These grains of sediment are then transported and deposited elsewhere, and the cycle begins again.

Round and Round it Goes

Each rock type can change into one of the three types of rock As one rock is changed into another type, several variables, including time, heat, pressure, weathering, and erosion, may alter a rocks identity

Rock Classification

Scientists divide all rock into three main classes based on how the rock is formed
Igneous Sedimentary

Metamorphic
Can

be divided further Divisions based on differences in the way rocks form Two important criteria for divisionscomposition and texture

Rock Classification

Composition
The

chemical makeup of a rock; describes either the minerals or other materials in the rock

Rock Classification

Texture
The

size, shape, and positions of the grains that make up a rock

Sedimentary

rock: fine-grained, medium-grained, or coarse-grained texture Igneous rock: fine-grained or coarse-grained texture Metamorphic rock: fine-grained or coarse-grained texture

Rock Classification

Texture
Can

provide clues as to how and where the rock formed Can reveal the process that formed it

Fine-grained

Medium-grained

Coarse-grained

Igneous rock
Section 2

Origins of Igneous Rock

Forms when magma cools and solidifies

Three

ways magma can form:

When

rock is heated When pressure is released When rock changes composition

Composition and Texture of Igneous Rock

Light-colored rocks are less dense than the dark-colored rocks Felsic rocks: lightcolored rocks rich in elements such as aluminum, potassium, silicon, and sodium Mafic rocks: darkcolored rocks rich in calcium, iron, and magnesium, and poor in silicon

Composition and Texture of Igneous Rock

The more time the crystals have to grow, the larger the crystals are and the coarser the texture of the resulting igneous rock is

Igneous Rock Formations

Located above and below the surface of the Earth Intrusive Igneous Rock
When

magma pushes into surrounding rock below the Earths surface and cools Has a course-grained texture Cools very slowly

Igneous Rock Formations

Masses are named for their size and shape Plutons: large, irregularshaped intrusive bodies Batholiths: largest of all igneous intrusions Stocks: intrusive bodies that are exposed over smaller areas than batholiths Dikes: sheet-like intrusions that cut across previous rock units Sills: sheet-like intrusions that are oriented parallel to previous rock units

Igneous Rock Formations

Extrusive Igneous Rock

Igneous

rock that forms from magma that erupts onto the Earths surface Common around volcanoes Cools quickly Very small crystals or no crystals

Sedimentary Rock
Section 3

Origins of Sedimentary Rock

Sandstone: sand grains that are compressed and then cemented together over time Sediment: rock and mineral fragments
Deposited

in layers Dissolved minerals separate from water that passes through the sediment to form a natural cement that binds the rock and mineral fragments together in sedimentary rock

Forms at or near Earths surface

Forms

without heat or pressure

Composition of Sedimentary Rock

Classified by the way it forms

Clastic

sedimentary rock: forms when rock or mineral fragments are cemented together Chemical sedimentary rock: forms when minerals crystallize out of a solution to become rock Organic sedimentary rock: forms from the remains of once-living plants and animals

Composition of Sedimentary Rock

Clastic Sedimentary Rock

Made

of fragments of rocks cemented together by a mineral such as calcite or quartz Have coarse-grained, medium-grained, or fine-grained textures

Composition of Sedimentary Rock

Chemical Sedimentary Rock

Forms

from solutions of dissolved minerals and

water Some of this dissolved material eventually crystallizes and forms the minerals that make up chemical sedimentary rock

Composition of Sedimentary Rock

Organic Sedimentary Rock

Forms

from the fossils of animals or plants Fossiliferous limestone: animal remains that eventually become cemented together
Made

from:

Coral Clams Oysters

Coal:

forms underground when partially decomposed plant material is buried beneath sediment and is changed into coal by increasing heat and pressure over millions of years

Sedimentary Rock Structures

Stratification: the process in which sedimentary rocks are arranged in layers Sedimentary rocks sometimes record the motion of wind and water waves
Ripple

marks Mud cracks

Indicate

the location of an ancient lake, stream, or ocean shoreline

Even

rain drop impressions can be preserved

Sedimentary Rock Impressions

Metamorphic Rock
Section 4

Origins of Metamorphic Rock

Rocks in which the structure, texture, or composition of the rock have changed
Metamorphosis=

changed shape

Most metamorphosis takes place from 50C to 1,000C

Some

take place at more than 1,000C

Most metamorphosis takes place at depths greater than 2 km

This

pressure can cause the mineral grains in rock to align themselves in certain directions

Origins of Metamorphic Rock

Contact Metamorphism
Occurs

near igneous intrusions Occurs because of magma heating the rock around it as it moves

Regional Metamorphism
When

pressure builds up in rock that is buried deep below other rock formations or when large pieces of Earths crust collide with each other Occurs over thousands of cubic kilometers Rocks that have undergone this are found beneath most continental rock formations

Origins of Metamorphic Rock

Composition of Metamorphic Rock

Index minerals: metamorphic minerals that form only at certain temperatures and pressures
Examples:
Biotite Mica Chlorite Garnet Kyanite Muscovite Sillimanite Staurolite

mica

Textures of Metamorphic Rock

All metamorphic rock has one of two texturesfoliated or nonfoliated

Textures of Metamorphic Rock

Foliated Metamorphic Rock

Foliated:

the texture of metamorphic rock in which the mineral grains are arranged in planes or bands Slate: when shale is exposed to slight heat and pressure, the clay minerals change into mica minerals

Textures of Metamorphic Rock

Nonfoliated Metamorphic Rock

Nonfoliated:

the texture of metamorphic rock in which the mineral grains are not arranged in planes or bands Commonly made of one or only a few minerals Recrystallization: the crystals of these minerals may change in size or the mineral may change in composition

Metamorphic Rock Structures

Deformation: a change in the shape of a rock caused by a force placed on it

These

forces may cause a rock to be squeezed or stretched.

Folds Bends