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Gametophyte (n)
Gametophyte (n)
Microscopic female gametophytes (n) in ovulate cones (dependent) Microscopic male gametophytes (n) inside these parts of flowers (dependent)
(c) Reduced gametophyte dependent on sporophyte (seed plants: gymnosperms and angiosperms).
Integument
Spore wall
Discharged sperm nucleus (n) Pollen grain (n) Embryo (2n) (new sporophyte)
(a) Unfertilized ovule. In this sectional view through the ovule of a pine (a gymnosperm), a fleshy megasporangium is surrounded by a protective layer of tissue called an integument. (Angiosperms have two integuments.)
(b) Fertilized ovule. A megaspore develops into a multicellular female gametophyte. The micropyle, the only opening through the integument, allows entry of a pollen grain. The pollen grain contains a male gametophyte, which develops a pollen tube that discharges sperm.
(c) Gymnosperm seed. Fertilization initiates the transformation of the ovule into a seed, which consists of a sporophyte embryo, a food supply, and a protective seed coat derived from the integument.
Welwitschia
PHYLUM CONIFEROPHYTA
Pacific yew
Wollemia pine
Bristlecone pine
Sequoia
Microsporocytes (2n)
Megasporangium
Sporophyll Microsporangium
Microsporocytes (2n)
Megasporangium
Microsporocytes (2n)
Megasporangium
FERTILIZATION
Anther
Style
Ovary
Filament
Petal
Sepal
Receptacle Ovule
(c) Nectarine, a fleshy fruit with a soft outer layer and hard inner layer (pit) of pericarp
(b) Seeds within berries and other edible fruits are often dispersed in animal feces.
(c) The barbs of cockleburs facilitate seed dispersal by allowing the fruits to hitchhike on animals.
MEIOSIS
Microspore (n) Ovule with megasporangium (2n) Male gametophyte (in pollen grain) Ovary MEIOSIS
Generative cell
Tube cell
Megasporangium (n)
Surviving megaspore (n) Female gametophyte (embryo sac) Antipodal cells Polar nuclei Synergids Egg (n)
Pollen tube
Sperm (n)
MEIOSIS
Microspore (n) Ovule with megasporangium (2n) Male gametophyte (in pollen grain) Ovary MEIOSIS Stigma Pollen tube Sperm Surviving megaspore (n) Female gametophyte (embryo sac) Antipodal cells Polar nuclei Synergids Egg (n) Pollen tube Style
Generative cell
Tube cell
Pollen grains
Megasporangium (n)
Pollen tube
Sperm (n)
MEIOSIS
Microspore (n) Ovule with megasporangium (2n) Male gametophyte (in pollen grain) Ovary Germinating seed MEIOSIS Stigma Pollen tube Sperm Seed Surviving megaspore (n) Antipodal cells Polar nuclei Synergids Egg (n) Pollen tube Style
Generative cell
Tube cell
Pollen grains
Embryo (2n) Endosperm (food supply) (3n) Seed coat (2n) Female gametophyte (embryo sac)
Megasporangium (n)
Pollen tube
Sperm (n)
FERTILIZATION
Stamen
Amborella trichopoda
Water lilies
Magnoliids
Amborella
MAGNOLIIDS
Southern magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora) Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Eudicots
Embryos
One cotyledon
Two cotyledons
Leaf venation Veins usually parallel Pygmy date palm (Phoenix roebelenii) Lily (Lilium Enchantment) Veins usually netlike
Stems Vascular tissue usually arranged in ring Root Root system Usually fibrous (no main root) Dog rose (Rosa canina), a wild rose Taproot (main root) usually present
Pollen Pollen grain with one opening Pollen grain with three openings
Flowers Anther Zucchini (Cucurbita Pepo), female (left) and male flowers
Filament
(a) A flower pollinated by honeybees. (b) A flower pollinated by hummingbirds. This honeybee is harvesting pollen The long, thin beak and tongue of this and Nectar (a sugary solution secreted rufous hummingbird enable the animal by flower glands) from a Scottish to probe flowers that secrete nectar broom flower. The flower has a tripping deep within floral tubes. Before the Mechanism that arches the stamens hummer leaves, anthers will dust its over the bee and dusts it with pollen, beak and head feathers with pollen. some of which will rub off onto the Many flowers that are pollinated by stigma of the next flower the bee visits. birds are red or pink, colors to which bird eyes are especially sensitive.
(c) A flower pollinated by nocturnal animals. Some angiosperms, such as this cactus, depend mainly on nocturnal pollinators, including bats. Common adaptations of such plants include large, light-colored, highly fragrant flowers that nighttime pollinators can locate.
Green algae
Mosses
Fems
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms 10.
9.
8.
7.