Islamic Fundamentalist Terrorism

If there is a single power the West underestimates, it is the power of collective hatred. Ralph Peters, 1999.
Islamic Fundamentalist Terrorism
For More info see

Imperial Hubris: Why the West is Losing the War on Terror, Michael Scheuer Through Our Enemies' Eyes: Osama bin Laden, Radical Islam, and the Future of America, Revised Edition, Michael Scheuer The Trouble With Islam Today, Irshad Manji The 9/11 Commission Report: Final Report of the National Commission on the Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States The Great War for Civilisation: The Conquest of the Middle East, Robert Fisk The Looming Tower: Al Qaeda and the Road to 9/11, Lawrence Wright
Terrorism
The unlawful use or threatened use of force or violence to intimidate or coerce societies or governments, often for ideological or political reasons. The unlawful use of force or violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives (FBI) Potentially politically loaded term One persons terrorist is anothers freedom fighter Terrorism most clearly defined by two characteristics Combatants do not represent a state Combatants deliberately target civilians Terrorism & terrorists violate intl rules of war
Popular Beliefs and Misconceptions about Terrorism

There is a widespread, but probably incorrectly belief that:
Terrorists are psychotic or mentally ill Terrorists suffer personality disorders Terrorist violence is the result of personal frustration, or economic deprivation Terrorist violence is a reaction to personal grievances, including personal humiliation, anger, or shame Terrorists are victims of physical or psychological coercion from mastermind recruiters ("brainwashing")
Terrorism as weapon in a strategy
Terrorism as Strategy
Terrorist attacks = form of strategic communication

Terrorism is not new Terrorism is not merely religious: 1980 Bologna, Munich attacks; LTTE (Sri Lanka) You have to be lucky everyday We only have to be lucky once - IRA Bomber
The Tactics of Terrorism

Six tactics of terrorism:
Bombing (most common) Hijacking Arson Assault Kidnapping Hostage Taking
Weapons of mass destruction?
Effects of Terror
Economy Each and every individual Irrational in nature Decreases any feeling of security Drains resources Places whole country on alert:
?overreaction ?False sense of security or irrelevant
Some Strategic Objectives of Terrorism

Recognition: Gaining national or international recognition for their cause; recruiting new personnel; raising funds; demonstrating their strength Coercion: Force a desired behavior of an individual or government Intimidation: Prevent individuals, groups, or governments from acting Provocation: Provoking overreaction by a government to the attack on symbolic targets or personnel, thereby gaining sympathy for their cause. Insurgency support: Forcing the government to overextend itself in dealing with the threat, thereby allowing the insurgency to gain support and commit further attacks against the government.
Terrorism Is Theatre
As stated by Brian Jenkins - terrorism expert - terrorist acts are often deliberately spectacular, designed to rattle and influence a wide audience, beyond the victims of the violence itself.
Television and Terrorism: A Cozy Relationship

Over the years, several studies have pointed to the close relationship between terrorism and television The purpose of television news News programming provides information, but it is also designed to keep audiences watching One of the purposes is to keep the audience primed with emotion and excitement Terrorism is perfect for this scenario because it is so dramatic
Television and Terrorism: A Cozy Relationship

Basic elements of television drama Viewers are encouraged to stay tuned The station provides an expert interpreter The reports give the illusion that somehow the audience and be in control of the situation
The Media as a Force Multiplier

American media and Arab media America broadcasted its versions of truth both domestically and abroad, and American news has always been selfabsorbed In the 1990s a new Arab television network, al Jazeera, began broadcasting news from an Arab perspective

Terrorists use the media to reach audiences in a new way At first, terrorists reached audiences with drama As time went on, terrorists realized that hostage dramas were made for television If terrorists could successfully manipulate the situation, they could portray both hostages and themselves as victims while police and military forces appeared to be aggressors

The Internet as a force multiplier The Internet is one of the most important force multipliers easily available to terrorists The Internet is a powerful tool for opposition forces in authoritarian regimes Terrorists run their own websites, sometimes hack into exiting sites to broadcast propaganda videos, and also imbed pixels in legitimate websites to transmit secret communications
Security Forces vs. Reporters

Security forces conflicting with the media Terrorists want to use the media as a psychological weapon, while governments seek to harness the power of the media for social control Law enforcement and military goals conflict directly with the needs of the media Officially, police and security forces recognize the medias right to report information, but they develop elaborate plans to control reporting

Points of views about terrorism and the media Some members and supporters of the press see the media as a quasiconstitutional force keeping the government in check Some want to limit press coverage during terrorist events The media may exploit terrorism, but they rarely convey messages favorable

Terrorist theater The media is filled with action and it is entertaining However, research suggests that the coverage of terrorism is not helpful to terrorist groups Reporting terrorist events increases the publics knowledge about terrorism, but builds little sympathy for terrorists
Does Reporting Make Terrorism Contagious?

The Internet and the contagion effect Contagion is magnified when rumors are spread through e-mails, and websites Copycat effect The greatest proponents of contagion theory argue that media reporting, especially television, leads to a copycat effect The reason is that media reports encourage people to transform dark thoughts into reality
Censorship Debates
Three choices when it comes to freedom of the press and terrorism To assume a laissez-faire, or hands-off, attitude Censorship Self-regulation
Terrorism is a Political Act

Creates extreme fear and anxiety in a target group larger than immediate victims
Extra-normal violence in a symbolic act Specific victims have no particular significance to terrorist
Terrorism is Not Irrational

Terrorist use logic that links
Goals Objectives Strategy
States Sponsoring Terrorism Today

Iran Iraq Syria Sudan Libya N. Korea Cuba
State Sponsored Terrorism

Hizballah receives backing and assistance from the Governments of Iran and Syria.
IRAN shaped Hizballahs ideology, gave it political backing and
helped build its operational capabilities. Iran currently continues to support Hizballah terrorism, by providing it with training and weapons, financial aid and assistance for carrying out terror attacks. SYRIA supports and trains Hizballah and allows it to build its infrastructure under Syrian auspices. Hizballah is used as a political tool against Israel by the Syrian president. LEBANON provides a territorial base where Hizballah can freely operate and advance its terrorist infrastructure.
State Sponsored Terrorism
Hizballahs Arsenal of Weapons

Type of Weapons Mortars Rocket Launchers
82 mm 120 mm 160 mm FAJR 3 FAJR 5 107 mm 122 mm
Quantity
(estimate) Dozens of mortars, thousands of mortar bombs
Range
3000 m 5700 m 8000 m 43 km 75 km 8.3 km Long-range rocket: 20.4 km Short-range rocket: 11 km
Target
Israeli towns and cities
Several dozen
Into the Heart of Israel
Unknown launchers; thousands of rockets
Recoilless guns
Artillery Guns Antitank Missiles
122 mm 130 mm 155 mm SAGGER Millan Fagot Tow
Dozens
1300 m (est.)
military
Dozens of guns; Thousands of shells
11.8 km 24 km 2.75 km 18km 1000-3000 m 300-2000 m 300-2000 m A. 600-3750 m B. 1000-3000 m
Israeli civilians and towns
Several hundred missiles of all types
Tanks
Antiaircraft
SA-7 14.5 mm 23 mm 57mm
A few of each kind
1.5-1.9 km 2500-600m 3000-1400m 5000-4000m
Aircraft
Terrorism is a Political Act

A weapon of psychological purposes Premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets by subnation or clandestine agents usually intended to influence an audience
Terrorism in the USA

The first incident of antifederal behavior came shortly after the American Revolutionary War 1791- The Whiskey Rebellion The Civil War Southerners were fighting to keep the power of local government KKK-Purpose: to intimidate supporters of Reconstruction Abortion Clinics
Ecoterrorism in the US
Earth Liberation Front (ELF) ELF migrated from Europe to the United States The alliance has been responsible for more than six hundred criminal acts since 1996 Its tactics include sabotage, tree spiking, property damage, intimidation, and arson
Ecoterrorism, Animal Rights, and Genetic Engineering

Ecoterrorism today Most violence associated with ecoterrorism has taken place in the American West From 1995-1999, damages total $28.8 million ELF activities have increased each year since 1999 Ecoterrorists are uncompromising, illogical extremists just like their right-wing counterparts; They use ecology as a surrogate religion
Murrah Federal Building Oklahoma City

25 June 1994
168 Dead 490 Injured
Terrorist tactics have been admired in the past

American Revolution Was the Boston Tea Party an act of terrorism????? What about the French Resistance that fought against Germany in WWII? Russian and Spanish Guerrilla warfare vs. Napoleon???? Terrorist or Freedom Fighter???? Are we Terrorists? Bombing of other countries when they do something we dont like? Iraq Libya Panama
Why Terrorism???
Terrorism and guerrilla warfare
Ability to compete with superpowers Legitimate form of warfare? Applicability of Laws of war (legitimate nations at a disadvantage?) Terrorists have advantage of surprise and initiative What methods may be used to combat terrorist/guerrilla attacks? Advantages and disadvantages of each (loss of innocent life, collateral damage, etc.)
Why Terrorism? Because It Works

The anthrax case: 3 teaspoons worth of anthrax $27,500,000 to clean up Senate Office Building $300,000,000 to clean up postal facilities Two pounds of anthrax would saturate all of Manhattan. 9/11- 19 Hijackers killed thousands and caused Trillions of dollars in economic damage.
Terrorist Profiles: Three Views

Hacker one of first criminal profilers Hackers three types of terrorists:
Criminals
Join terrorist groups for payoff or vengeance
Crazies
Join terrorist groups for thrills of lifestyle
Crusaders
People who believe deeply in a cause
Creating Terrorist Organizations

Pyramid Organization:
Support is most common job in terrorist groups Fraser and Fultons hierarchy of terrorist group:
Smallest group at the top is responsible for command Second level is active cadrepeople who carry out organizations mission Third level is most important: active supporters Fourth level is passive supporters; largest group
Terrorism Support Base

Actual terrorists Active supporters Passive supporters Sympathizers
Suicide Terror Attacks are . . .

inexpensive and effective; extremely favorable per-casualty cost benefits for the terrorists less complicated and compromising no escape plan needed, and success means no assailant to capture and interrogate perhaps the ultimate smart bomb this weapon can cleverly disguise itself, use various modes of deception, and effect last minute changes in timing, access, and target a strategic communication device successful attacks are virtually assured media coverage effective because the weaker opponent acts as coercer and the stronger actor is the target Key difference from other attacks: The target of suicide campaign cannot easily adjust to minimize future damage
Suicide Terrorism: Where?

Three types of attacks are most likely to occur:
High value, symbolic targets involving mass casualties
Important government buildings, installations, or landmarks Major means of personal or commercial transportation
High value, symbolic targets against specific persons

Political assassinations (e.g., head of state, regional governor, etc.)
Deliberately lethal attacks targeting the public

Bus, train, subway bombings; attacks on shopping malls, cinemas, sports stadiums, public gathering spaces
Suicide Terrorism
The use of suicide terrorism as a tactic has changed the nature of terrorism and the war in Iraq. In most cases, the use of suicide terrorism has tended to improve the success of terrorists and frustrated their more capable, better-resourced enemies (i.e., US, EU) This analysis is based on Robert Papes article in the Aug. 2003 American Political Science Review (vol. 97, no. 3, 343-361)
Suicide Terrorism
Suicide terrorism was seldom used but not unknown before 1980 The 1983 attack on the US Marine barracks in Lebanon was a spectacular early use of this tactic Since that time its use has risen sharply
Suicide Terrorism
Suicide Attacks Against Israel
2000 2001 2002 2003 2002 2005 2006 4 35 60 26 15 5 2
Suicide Attacks Thwarted by Israeli Forces

4 56 171 209 367 96 187
Source: Jewish Virtual Library.org
Types of Suicide Terrorism

Suicide attack on foot, explosive belt -- numerous Iraq Attempted suicide attack with a plane as target -- Richard Reid on American Airlines Flight 63 Suicide car bomb -- numerous Iraq Suicide attack by a boat with explosives -- USS Cole bombing Suicide attack by a submarine with explosives (human-steered torpedo) -Kaiten, used by Japan in WWII Suicide attack by a plane with explosives -- kamikaze Suicide attack by a hijacked plane with fuel -- 9/11 Suicide attack by diverting a bus to an abyss -- Tel Aviv Jerusalem bus Massacre Suicide attack with guns -- Kashmiri insurgents on the Indian Parliament in December 2001 killing 15 people.
Profile of Suicide Terrorists

The original descriptions of characteristics of suicide terrorists pointed to depressed, isolated, uneducated, embittered loners carrying out attacks, motivated by a sense of powerlessness The rising numbers of suicide attacks has made this profile obsolete Suicide terrorists may be young, middle class, welleducated, female Religion seems to be a significant motivation in many cases, but not all (e.g., Tamil Tigers, Sri Lanka)
5 Principles of Suicide Terrorism

1. Suicide terrorism is strategic
-- Groups announce their goals and cease attacks when those goals are met
2. Designed to coerce modern democracies, usually over territorial claims

-- Every suicide terrorist attack since 1980 has been directed against a democratic form of government
3. Suicide terrorism has been rising for the past 25 years because it is often partially successful
-- Palestinian management/control: West Bank, Gaza -- Regional autonomy negotiations for Tamil Tigers in Sri Lanka -- Limited toleration for Kurdish minority in Turkey
5 Principles of Suicide Terrorism

4. More ambitious, large-scale attacks are unlikely to prove increasingly successful
-- Large democratic states have little political incentive to concede when the stakes are very high -- public support
5. The most promising tactic for reducing suicide terrorism is by reducing the terrorists confidence in further success
-- Border control, increased internal security -- Military action alone is unlikely to create this effect
Types of Terrorism

Terrorists have a choice of tactics to use depending on the desire effect Demonstrative Terrorism
Used mainly to gain publicity, recruit activists May announce their action in advance (bomb threat)
Destructive Terrorism
More aggressive, seeks to coerce enemies Balance between effect of act and the potential to alienate potential sympathizers
Suicide Terrorism
Most aggressive May alienate the terrorists own community
Types of Terrorism
Two factors related to the news media are crucial

Projection of an image of being unstoppable Projection of an image of being very numerous
Suicide terrorism is an aspect of asymmetrical warfare, where the terrorist organization is weaker than their enemy Their actions are a punishment for not acceding to previous demands Fear is intensified by the credible threat of additional future attacks
Selected Suicide Terror Campaigns

Terrorist Group
Apr-Dec 1983 Nov 1983Apr 1985 Apr 1984Dec 2006 Hezbollah Hezbollah Hamas, various
Terrorists Goals
US/France out of Lebanon Israel out of Lebanon Israel out of Palestine
Target Behavior
Complete Withdrawal Complete withdrawal Complete withdrawal from Gaza, partial withdrawal from West Bank
1996-2003
20002003-
Al Qaeda
Chechen Rebels Al Qaeda, various
US out of Arabian Peninsula

Russia out of Chechnya US out of Iraq
Complete withdrawal
TBD TBD
Analysis of Religious Terrorism

Religious fanaticism and technology Terrorists behave differently from regular criminals, religious terrorists behave differently from political terrorists Religious terrorists are not constrained by the same factors that inhibit other types of terrorists

Holy Terror vs. Secular Terror Secular terrorists operate within a dominant political and cultural framework Secular terrorists would rather make allies than indiscriminately kill their enemies Holy terrorists see the world as a battlefield between the forces of light and darkness Holy terrorists see killing as a sacramental act. Examples can be found in: The Koran Christian Old Testament

True believers Religious terrorists dismiss the religious views of others When a person becomes a true believer and a religious doctrine sanctions the use of violence, deified terrorism results, that is, the act of terrorism itself is made sacred and holy

Other dangerous trends in holy terror Religious terrorists are not utilitarian; that is, they are not a person seeking the greatest amount of good for the greatest number of people. Religious terrorist seek the greatest good for themselves Religious terrorists demonize their enemies; that is, they equate their enemies with the ultimate source of evil
The Social Characteristics of Terrorists: Juergensmeyers Terror in Gods Mind

Holy warriors The call to violence is a call to purify the world from the nonbeliever and the incorrect interpreters of tradition in a holy war Those who do not stand with the holy warrior are evil If the holy warrior falls, the warrior becomes a martyr for hope; if the holy warrior is successful, it is a victory for the deity
After the Sept 11 attacks

The clash of civilizations theory suddenly gained new prominence in the west Originally put forward by Bernard Lewis, an American historian of the Middle East in 1990. Expanded and given prominence by Samuel Huntington of Harvard University in an article in Foreign Affairs, later expanded into a book.
Bernard Lewis: Islam an ancient rival against our Judeo-Christian heritage. Traces the rivalry back to the time of the Islamic invasion of Spain, the western Crusades, the Ottoman invasion of eastern and central Europe, and the European defeat of the Ottomans after WW1. The Muslim has suffered succesive stages of defeat.It was too much to endure, and the outbreak of rage against these alien, infidel and incomprehensible forces that subverted his dominance.was inevitable.
Bernard Lewis ideas have influenced important members of the Bush administration, including vice president Cheney Their assumptions: - Islamic societies are fundamentally anti democratic and repressive. - Islamists are resentful and hate the freedom and liberty they see in the US, and want to destroy it. - If Islam and the west are to live together, Islamic countries need to be democratized and modernised: this is the project in Iraq.
Huntingtons thesis
The fundamental source of conflict..will not be primarily ideological or economic. The great divisions among humankind will be cultural. The fault lines between civilizations will be the battle lines of the future. He divides the world into seven or eight major civilizations: Western, Confucian, Japanese, Islamic, Hindu, Slavic-Orthodox, Latin American. Huntington saw the main source of conflict in the world as being between western and Islamic civilization
Huntingtons Clash of Civilizations and Espositos Response

Huntingtons Thesis International peace will be threatened in torn countries. These are regions where more than one civilization exists within an area John Esposito Disagrees with Huntington on Two Levels: Culture or civilization is defined by more than religion There is no Islamic civilization
Huntingtons Clash of Civilizations and Espositos Response

Daniel Pipes When looking at Islam, the major clash is not between civilizations, but rather within Islamic civilization Thomas Barnett Believes Huntingtons clash comes between economic rather than cultural civilizations
Islamic extremists too believe in a clash of civilization

The West and Islam will constantly be enemiesIslam must win and westerners will be destroyed. But we dont have to make then enemies if they allow Islam to continue to grow so that in the end they will probably agree to be under Islam. If they refuse to be under Islam there will be chaos. If they want to have peace, they have to accept to be governed by Islam. Abu-Bakr Bashir, head of Jemaah Islamiyah in Indonesia.
Huntingtons and Lewis ideas have been vigorously criticised
Confuses the thinking of a small Islamic fundamentalist fringe, with the majority of Muslims Does not distinguish between Arab Muslims and non Arab Muslims Are civilizations that distinct and are they based on religion?
Know Your Enemy

If you know yourself but do not know your enemy, you will sometimes meet with victory, sometimes with defeat. If you know your enemy but do not know yourself, you will sometimes meet with victory, sometimes with defeat. But if you know yourself and you know your enemy, you will be victorious on a hundred occasions. Sun-Tsu (The Art of War)
Muslims look forward to death the way Americans look forward to life. Osama bin Laden (Islamic Terrorist)
Global War on Terrorism--Who is the enemy?

The enemy consists of various extremist Islamic groups that espouse the use of violence to achieve their ideological aims al Qaida being the most dangerous. Characteristics are: No state, no uniform, lives among the population Believes religion is under attack and calls upon Muslims to defend Islam Even support by 1% of the Muslim population would equate to over 12 million enemies While we may view his beliefs as dangerously misguided. He is absolutely committed to his cause His religious ideology successfully attracts recruits He has a sufficient population base from which to protract the conflict
Terms
This briefing refers to ISLAM and ISLAMIC to refer generally to the broad range of religious, cultural and socio-economic values and assumptions that are shared among the diverse adherents to the Islamic faith. This briefing refers to ISLAMISTS (Islamic Fundamentalists, Fundamentalists, Extremists) ) and requires that these terms be understood to refer to those Islamic extremists who have, by their words and actions, defined themselves as the enemies of all that is NOT in agreement with their view and are currently executing a violent campaign against those who do not share their agenda primarily the U.S. This term does NOT refer to all Muslims nor Muslims of any particular denomination or sect of the broader religion of Islam. It refers ONLY to those Muslim extremists who are engaged in using violent means to expand the influence of their particular view of Islam. Some of these religious, and sociopolitical views are shared among most or even all Muslims. However, those views which have motivated Islamist, Fundamentalist Extremists to violent action are generally shared ONLY by those groups. JIHAD is an Arabic term that is used for any struggle INCLUDING warfare. It is frequently interpreted in a religious context as Holy War but CAN mean struggle as in a struggle to overcome a personal limitation or a struggle to understand a new point of view. JIHADI is one who struggles or fights. In the context of a religiously inspired Holy War, a Jihadi is a Holy Warrior.
Islam Today????
Islam (modernists, traditionalists and orthodox 80-85%?) Ancient religion of 1.5 billion people Diversity of beliefs, practices, and politics Islamism (salafi Islam, fundamentalism) (15-20%?) Islam must have political power and a state Response to European colonialism Modernism and the turn to Islam But no unanimity about democracy Jihadism (salafiyya jihadiyya) (<1%?) Extremist version of Islamism No gradual implementation or political process Only violence can recreate an idealized Islamic state called the Caliphate
Historical Perspective I
Islam spread very quickly by conversion and by developing empire. Mohammed was at once a prophet, religious leader, military leader, and government head. Crusades were a direct attack on this empire that included many lands outside of the Middle East. Focus is on Christian atrocities.
Historical Perspective II
Place of Christians and Jews in the early Islamic State and Mohammed's last wishes. Holy Land is for Muslims only: Arabia, Medina, Mecca With the collapse of the Ottoman Empire the Caliphate (Islamic Leader) ended (1924).
The Al Qaeda Manual I

After the fall of our orthodox caliphates on March 3, 1924 and after expelling the colonialists, our Islamic nation was afflicted with apostate rulers who took over in the Moslem nation. These .rulers turned out to be more infidel and criminal than the colonialists themselves.
Al Qaeda Manual II
Colonialism and its followers, the apostate rulers, then started to openly erect crusader centers, societies, and organizations like Masonic Lodges, Lions and Rotary clubs, and foreign schools. They aimed at producing a wasted generation that pursued everything that is western and produced rulers, ministers, leaders, physicians, engineers, businessmen, politicians, journalists, and information specialists.
Some general things to consider

Many in the Mid-East see the West as the cause of many of their problems. We (USA) are now THE representative of the West. Even though the Mid-East is rich in oil, the average person is not rich. Many dictators and kings have become rich while their people have suffered. Guess who helped to put many of these people into power??? These monarchs and dictators have used brutality and violence to keep their own people in line. Education is very limited. Even those that are educated are not allowed/encouraged free thought. (Women) Even educated men have a hard time finding jobs in many Mid-Eastern countries. Lack of economic opportunities leads to anger. Many religious schools teach students to recite the Koran, but not what it means. (Arabic) Many view themselves as Muslim first, a citizen of their country second! Islam is a multinational and multiracial religion. Only a small minority of Muslims are Arab. Radicals like bin Laden and others see this as a holy war, a literal battle for world domination. Many radicals have the attitude convert, or die. People like bin Laden represent a small, but growing, minority of the 1 billion worldwide Muslims.
Problems with Islam today

No Church hierarchy. (Pope) No official Islamic Doctrine Teachings based on various Imams. Some very radical. Much illiteracy. Since most Muslims arent Arab, and the word of God is only revealed in Arabic, it makes sense that most Muslims dont know what the Koran says. Therefore they rely on the interpretation of the imams. Every Muslim who passes away without a gun in his hand faces Allah with the sins of abandoning fight I strongly believe that there is no difference between who does not fight , and he who does not fast, pray or pay zakat (tithe). I believe no Muslim is excused from abandoning Jihad. Shaykh Azzam
Worldview
Jewish Conspiracy
Banking Influence/Pulling the strings
US World Position
Leader and therefore responsible regardless of proof
Support of Israel
The Final Proof
(How many Arab countries have accepted the right of Israel to exist at all?)
Globalization
Forcing a secular western culture on a traditional Islamic culture Extolling: music, morals, sex, values and materialism Importing to them low paying jobs.
The Impact of Islamist Worlds Economics* & Socio-demographics*

The Appeal to A Dangerous Socio-Political Element
The Poor The Politically Disenfranchised The Youth Bulge
The Corrupted and Apostate Rich
The Virtuous Poor

* TP525-2-60, pp 30, 36
Role of Islam in Society

In the Islamic system of values and from the point of view of Muslim fundamentalists, religion cannot be separated from any aspect of life. Religion is omnipresent in every aspect of a Muslim individual's private and social life from the economy to social relations. What does harm to the society is not religion - it is the way in which some of the rulers take advantage of religion DR MEHDI KHAZALI, Iranian cleric
Understanding Islam Islam Role of religion for the believer Christian West
The defining An expression of doctrine regulating private personal all aspects of belief. personal behavior, family, political and economic life.
Understanding Islam
Islam View of The world consists government of one true faith divided into nations (Lewis, xx). There is no meaningful difference between political and religious communities. Christian West Dualism -- The world is split into two spheres, political (secular) and religious. Since the Enlightenment: religion should not be too prominent in politics.
Understanding Islam Islam View of religion

The Quran is a single book written by one man. There are no rituals, sacraments or ordinations that can only be performed by priests -- no mediation between man an God.
Christian West
The Bible is the work of numerous men over a considerable time. There is a religious caste (priests) who either mediate for believers or perform certain holy rites. The Church is an institution that preserves the dogma of the faith.
Understanding Islam Islam View of society

There is a polity that carries out the necessary functions of civic life, but it is also founded on principles derived from the Quran. This mirrors the practice of Muhammad, who was both a prophet and a political leader, merging two traditions, the one authoritarian and quietest, the other radical and activist. (Lewis, 11)
Christian West
Society is a broad community of people in voluntary association who pursue common interests, preserve common ways of life and belief. Religion is only one of many factors that bind people together; numerous social substructures also support and nourish civic life.
Understanding Islam
Islam
View of the individual
The individual is bound by a strict duty to observe religious law, participate in the great evangelistic work of the faith, and defend the honor of Muhammad, the Muslim faith and all those who profess them.
Christian West
Individuals may choose to bind themselves to a religious faith, or to no religion at all. Individuals should respect each others rights.
most Muslim countries are still profoundly Muslim in a way and in a sense that most Christian countries are no longer Christian. (Lewis, 16)
What is Islamism?
Literalism of Quran to all of society Islamic world decline due to loss of religious observance and caliphate Moral and religious law enforcement
Islamic state
Western culture breeds materialism, atheism, selfishness, and decadence Separate from the west State of Israel is illegitimate and should be removed All Muslims should enroll in jihad to achieve these goals. Glorify martyrdom
Islamist Perceptions & Motivations?
Baghdad, April 2003
How would YOU feel if this was Kansas City, MO.?
How would YOU feel if this was Cincinnati, OH?
Baghdad, April 2003
Are Islamist Motivations Different From Ours?
Madrassas/Wahhabism
Wahhabi: 1750s reformer to an earlier purer Islam. Embraced and propagated by Saudi Arabia today in their education system home and abroad. Saudi Arabia Academy in Alexandria, VA. Unity of Religion, Government, Military Examples: Pakistan, Egypt, Sudan
Strong Fundamentalist Movements
Means Struggle. Jihad of the heart/soul is an inner struggle of good against evil in the mind. Jihad by the tongue is a struggle of good against evil waged by writing and speech. Jihad by the pen and knowledge is a struggle for good against evil through scholarly study of Islam. Jihad by the hand refers to a struggle of good against evil waged by actions or with one's wealth, such as going on the Hajj pilgrimage (seen as the best jihad for women), taking care of elderly parents, or political activity for furthering the cause of Islam. Jihad by the sword refers to qital fi sabilillah (armed fighting in the way of God, or holy war), the most common usage by Salafi Muslims and offshoots of the Muslim Brotherhood. 5 Kinds of Jihad, but we mostly only hear about the last!
Jihad
Joining the Jihad: The conventional wisdom

Do ideas cause people to join the jihad? People join terrorist organizations because they are:
Poor Broken family background Ignorant (uneducated) Immature young men No skills No family or job responsibility Weak minds, vulnerable to brainwashing (madrassas, family or direct appeal) Mentally ill Criminals Religious fanatics Evil
Joining the Jihad: The evidence

Based on 400 subjects: 2/3 from solid upper or middle class background Vast majority from intact caring family 60% had some college education Average age was 26 years 3/4 were professional or semi-professional 3/4 were married & most had children Half were religious children, only 13% were madrassa educated Only 1% had thought disorder (global base rate). Very little evidence of personality disorder. Only European 2nd generation, immigrants & converts were petty criminal The vast majority was not religious in early adulthood.
Joining the jihad: What really counts

Alienated from society
70% expatriates 10% excluded second generation or immigrants
Pre-existing social bonds

Friendship: 68% bunch of guys making alienated young Muslims into fanatics joining together Kinship: 20% Worship: 10% Discipleship: 8%
Bottom up activity: no top down recruitment program
Becoming an Islamist terrorist

Upwardly & geographically mobile people Mostly from religious caring & middle class families International people, conversant in 3 or 4 languages Skilled in computer technology Separated from traditional bonds & culture Homesick, lonely, marginalized sought new friends Drifted to mosques for companionship, not religion Moved in together, formed cliques (Bunch of Guys)
Inside The Jihadi Mind
The Motivation of the Individual Jihadi

Various and Complex
Nothing to Lose Religious Duty Only Guarantee of Paradise
The Brutal Present
The Idyllic Future
Goals of Islamists and Jihadists
Objective 1: Expel America and Establish an Islamic Authority in Iraq
Attacks against the West Continue
America departs Iraq prior to sufficient Iraqi capacity to provide security. Insurgents step up attacks against the government and make religious claims for regime change. Extremists overthrow the democratic government of Iraq and replace it with a Taliban-like regime. United Nations issues a resolution, but does not commit to action. United States does not re-enter the conflict
94
Extremists now have an Emirate in Iraq that serves as a base of operations from which they can revive the Caliphate.
Objective 2: Extend the Jihad Wave to Neighboring Countries
Attacks against the West Continue
Would Israel join the conflict?
Would the U.S. re-enter the conflict?
Extremists export their message and terrorist acts throughout the middle east. Violence and extremist ideology undermine governments of Jordan, Syria, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and Egypt. Moderate governments collapse; Taliban-like regimes take their place. Baghdad becomes the capital of the Caliphate.
95
The revived Caliphate now turns its attention to the destruction of Israel
Objective 3: Destroy Israel

Might nuclear weapons be employed? Attacks against the West continue
At what point does the U.S. return to Middle East? Allies?
Attacks against Israel intensify. United Nations issues resolution to stand down. Caliphate gains support within the Muslim world Caliphate attacks Israel
96
Extremists now poised to re-establish the historical Caliphate
Objective 4: Establish the historical Caliphate

The Caliphate calls for an uprising within the remaining Islamic states to join the restoration. Remaining Islamic states collapse from within.
This would require the defeat of the U. S.; how could that happen?
Iraq has become the focus of the enemys effort. If they win in Iraq, they have a base from which to expand their terror
Significant militant Islamist attacks against Americans
What was our response?

We proved to the Middle East that we are weak. This, along with the defeat of the USSR in Afghanistan led to the rise of Al Qaeda. OBL considers America a paper tiger that would after a few blows run in defeat. (TOEE, 149.) OBL is quoted as saying that the Marine withdraw from Beirut signaled the decline of the American government and the weakness of the American soldier who is ready to wage cold wars and unprepared to fight long wars.
What is Al-Qaeda?
Osama bin Laden led organization of radical Islamic terrorists
Wahhabi sect of Islam Founded during Afghan resistance to USSR Funded in part by the US
US support of Saudis and US troops in Saudi Arabia in Gulf War turned him against US
Attacked US Embassies, USS Cole, 9/11 and more
Al Qaeda's World View (1)

Islam in mortal danger from the West; jihad a duty Recent events confirm al Qaeda's interpretation-Americans are the new Mongols: U.S. troops still in Saudi Arabia U.S. remains in Afghanistan U.S. establishing bases in the Middle East, Gulf, Central and South Asia Pakistan, America's puppet, has abandoned true path to join the oppressors
Al Qaeda's World View (2)

U.S. occupies Iraq, threatens Syria, Iran Palestine occupied--supported Zionists Western corruption threatens Muslim souls Jihad is the antidote U.S. is thus a threat and an opportunity--hostile to Islam, supports local tyrants, but also provides common enemy and basis for unity Action will awaken, demonstrate, instruct, inspire, bring about spiritual revival, foster unity A powerful message whose appeal thrives on failure, humiliation, and anger
Introduction to Al Qaeda Thought

12-12-2001 statement (Ayman al-Zawahiri) The need to inflict the maximum casualties against the opponent, for this is the language understood by the West, no matter how much time and effort such operations take. Tracking down the Americans and Jews is not impossible. Killing them with a single bullet, a stab, or a device made up of a popular mix of explosives, or hitting them with an iron rod is not impossible. Burning down their property with Molotov cocktails is not difficult. With the available means, small groups could prove to be a frightening horror for the Americans and Jews.
The ruling to kill the Americans and their allies -- civilians and military -- is an individual duty for every Muslim who can do it in any country in which it is possible to do it, in order to liberate the al-Aqsa Mosque and the holy mosque [Mecca] from their grip, and in order for their armies to move out of all the lands of Islam, defeated and unable to threaten any Muslim. World Islamic Front Statement 23 Feb 1998
Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders
This is in accordance with the words of Almighty Allah, "and fight the pagans all together as they fight you all together," and "fight them until there is no more tumult or oppression, and there prevail justice and faith in Allah."
World Islamic Front Statement 23 Feb 1998 Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders
Past Terrorist Attacks by Al Qaeda

February 26, 1993 New York City, New York World Trade Center Bombing
Kuwaiti man, Ramzi Yousef, and at least three other men planted a car bomb in the garage of the World Trade Center, hoping that the blast would topple one tower into the other as well as spread cyanide gas across town killing thousands.
Ramzi Yousef
After being captured in Pakistan, he was flown into Stewart Airport in Newburgh, New York, and then transferred to an FBI helicopter for the trip to the Metropolitan Correctional Center next to Federal Plaza in Lower Manhattan. Two huge guys carried him off the plane, shackled and blindfolded After we got airborne and were flying down the Hudson River, one of the SWAT guys asks me, Can we take off his blindfold? It took Yousef a minute to focus his eyes. Ironically, the helicopter was alongside the World Trade Center. The SWAT guy gives him a nudge and says, You see, its still standing. And Yousef says, It wouldnt be if we had more money. (The Looming Tower, pg. 357. Emphasis Added)
1993 WTC Bombing

Rationale: Leader of a terrorist cell heeding the call of Jihad on the U.S. Result: 6 people dead, 1000 injured, Towers stayed upright and the cyanide gas evaporated in the heat of the explosion. Ramzi Yousef was sentenced to life in prison on January 8, 1998
Past Terrorist Attacks

August 7, 1998 Kenya and Tanzania American Embassy Bombings
Suicide bomb attacks at two different embassies hundreds of miles apart, but within minutes of each other. First recognized acts of Al Qaeda, a network of terrorists led and supported by Osama bin Laden, a Saudi Arabian millionaire.
Embassy Bombings
Rationale: Response to a call for Jihad on the U.S. Result: 12 people dead, 224 injured Osama bin Laden became a recognized name and hit the FBIs Top Ten Most Wanted Men
Past Terrorist Attacks

October 12, 2000 Yemen naval port Bombing of the U.S.S. Cole
Two men, later linked to Al Qaeda, sailed a small boat full of explosives next to the U.S.S. Cole, detonating the bomb. Leaving a 20 x 40 foot hole in the side of the ship. Rationale: Goal was to sink the ship and lower U.S. morale Result: 17 sailors dead, 39 injured No one has been held accountable, added to the list of grievances against and crimes of Osama bin Laden
1. The Events of 9/11
1. The Events of 9/11
On a beautiful, clear day in September . . .

Four planes hijacked; three flown into office buildings in NYC and DC NYC attacks (2nd plane crash) shown on live television; American attention riveted; other tv shows replaced by 9/11 coverage All airplanes grounded; schools closed; sports cancelled WTC towers collapse, shown on live television Close coverage of whereabouts of Pres. Bush, other national leaders Lots of commentary and questions; few informed answers; lots of emotion, Congressional Representatives spontaneously singing patriotic songs on the steps of Capitol Hill
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2. The Psychological Impact of 9/11
2. The Psychological Impact
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder

Individuals who have been exposed to a traumatic event may experience at least one recurrent symptom related to the event (such as intrusive, repeated recollections or dreams of the event) Persistently avoids people, activities or places associated with the event Cannot recall important aspects of the trauma
Shows disinterest in their usual daily activities and a sense of foreboding about the future
Hyper arousal (difficulty in falling or staying asleep, outbursts of anger, hyper vigilance, an inability to concentrate, or exaggerated startle responses) May lead to significant impairment in social, occupational or other important areas of the individuals life
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2. The Psychological Impact
Common Themes in the Research on 9/11 Psychological Impact Living closer to the attack scene, direct personal loss, and children were more likely to exhibit symptoms of PTSD Sadness was the most frequent reaction among New Yorkers, followed by anxiety and fear Almost 20% of Americans across the country reported symptoms of distress constant news coverage, replays of video footage showing the second plane hitting the World Trade Center, helped all Americans feel closer to the event
Americans did not withdraw from others Stress and uncertainty produces social behaviors: people seek out others, perhaps to enhance social support, or to help to affirm ones cultural view of the world and the threat (Brandon & Silke) Increased participation in religious services, memorials, vigils
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3. The Economic Impact of 9/11
3. The Economic Impact
Confusion/Disagreement on Total Economic Impact

NY City Economic Impact
Total Loss $83 billion (NYC partnership & Chamber of Commerce: Nov 2001) Total Cost $54 billion (NY Governor: Oct 2001) WTC Replacement Cost & Cleanup $25~29 billion (FEB NY: April 2002) Total Cost $83 billion (quoting NYCP-COC) but $67 billion covered by Insurance (US GAO: May 2002)
NY State Jobs Lost

99,000 in 2001, 78,000 in 2002, 77,000 in 2003 (NYS Senate Finance Committee: DRI-WEFA: January 2002) Resulted at peak loss of 78,200 (DRI-WEFA: March 2002) 50,000 immediately, 70,000 in 4th Quarter Much of this loss is likely linked to WTC attack (FEB NY: April 2002)
NY City Jobs Lost

108,500, 115,300, 105,200, 125,000, 84,000, 78,200, 129,000.
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Immediate and Short-Term Economic Impacts

Financial Sector
40% of WTC casualties NYSE, NYME closed
Aviation Sector
planes grounded for a week or more 20% drop in passengers 100,000 jobs lost; several airlines went bankrupt
Insurance Sector
loss of life and property estimated at $40-$50 billion
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Immediate and Short-Term Economic Impacts

Other industries were also badly affected, such as hotels, tourism, automobile rentals, travel agents, and civilian aircraft manufactures. Hotels reported higher vacancy rates and employment in the sector as a whole fell by 58,000 (about 3%) in October and November, 2001 Nearly 18,000 businesses were dislocated, disrupted or destroyed by the attacks Also, over 300 firefighters and nearly 100 policeman were killed while trying to evacuate the World Trade Center before it collapsed
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Longer-Term Economic Impacts

Federal Reserve cut interest rates aggressively
Special financing incentives offered by the automobile companies led to record motor vehicle sales for October 2001
Securities market was only closed for four days, opening again after the telecommunications network in lower Manhattan became operational. Stock market re-opened on September 17th; within 19 trading days, the S&P 500 index had bounced back to its pre-September 11th level
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New York City lost a significant amount of its office space and a number of businesses ceased to exist. Close to 200,000 jobs were destroyed or relocated to other cities 34.5 million square feet of office space lost
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City-wide impact; airports and midtown hotels not just south of Canal Street Low-income workers bore the brunt (60%) People of color and immigrants (56%) hard hit Chinatown, economic ground zero, and other poor communities heavily affected
Insurance costs have risen on average 33% since 2001

Diversion of resources and capacity toward security-related products and services Short-term direct impacts were not as significant as the financial costs of the longterm response that is still underway
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Bottom Line
9/11 events inflicted severe and immediate physical impacts to all businesses, government offices, and other organizations located in and around the WTC complex. This event involved dead, injured, missing, physically displaced and traumatized employees, losses of data, information, and institutional knowledge, and an unprecedented uncertainty in market behavior
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Pearl Harbor and 9-11: Two Different Worlds

December 7, 1941 The purpose of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor was to destroy U.S. military capabilities in the Pacific
Pearl Harbor and 9-11: Two Different Worlds September 11, 2001
The 9-11 attacks were designed for drama. They were a tragedy performed on a subnational level, with the purpose of murdering thousands of people to create an aura of fear The goal of the September 11 terrorists was not one of conventional military strategy. Its purpose was to create so much feat that Western institutions would change their behavior The terrorists of September 11 were attacking globalization while America was defending state power

The new style of conflict Jihadists are not attacking state power; they are attacking the idea of Western, and particularly American culture Modern terrorism is aimed at the infrastructure of everyday life and the symbols that define that structure
Three days before national elections, 10 bombs were detonated on crowded commuter trains during rush hour. Three were deactivated by security forces and one was found unexploded. Evidence quickly surfaced that jihadist terrorists with possible ties to the al Qaeda network were responsible for the attack that killed 191 people.
2004 Spain Commuter March 11, 2004 Trains
Madrid
London July 2005

The 7 July 2005 London bombings were a series of coordinated bomb blasts that struck London's public transport system during the morning rush hour. At 8:50 a.m. three bombs exploded within 50 seconds of each other on three London Underground trains. A fourth bomb exploded on a bus nearly an hour later. 56 people, including the 4 bombers, were killed About 700 people were injured
August 2006 - England

Great Britain arrested more than 20 individuals Plotting to detonate liquid explosives aboard flights from the United Kingdom to the United States. They planned to bring the components of their explosives on board in their carry-on luggage, disguised as bottled drinks and electronic devices.
July 2007 - England

Failed terrorist attempts (car bombings) in Glasgow and London
Eight have links with the British National Health Service. The BBC indicated that seven are doctors, medical students and a laboratory technician. The eight people who have been arrested in Australia, England and Scotland all worked in National Health Hospitals.
Why?
The 1998 Fatwa Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders

The fatwa lists three "crimes and sins" committed by the Americans: U.S. military occupation of the Arabian Peninsula. U.S. aggression against the Iraqi people. U.S. support of Israel
1. 2. 3.
1. U.S. Military Occupation of the Arabian Peninsula.

First, for over seven years the United States has been occupying the lands of Islam in the holiest of places, the Arabian Peninsula, plundering its riches, dictating to its rulers, humiliating its people, terrorizing its neighbors, and turning its bases in the Peninsula into a spearhead through which to fight the neighboring Muslim peoples. If some people have in the past argued about the fact of the occupation, all the people of the Peninsula have now acknowledged it. The best proof of this is the Americans' continuing aggression against the Iraqi people using the Peninsula as a staging post, even though all its rulers are against their territories being used to that end, but they are helpless. -1998 Fatwa, February 23, 1998
2. U.S. Aggression Against the Iraqi People.

Second, despite the great devastation inflicted on the Iraqi people by the crusader-Zionist alliance, and despite the huge number of those killed, which has exceeded 1 million... despite all this, the Americans are once against trying to repeat the horrific massacres, as though they are not content with the protracted blockade imposed after the ferocious war or the fragmentation and devastation. -1998 Fatwa, February 23, 1998
3. US Support of Israel
Third, if the Americans' aims behind these wars are religious and economic, the aim is also to serve the Jews' petty state and divert attention from its occupation of Jerusalem and murder of Muslims there. The best proof of this is their eagerness to destroy Iraq, the strongest neighboring Arab state, and their endeavor to fragment all the states of the region such as Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, and Sudan into paper statelets and through their disunion and weakness to guarantee Israel's survival and the continuation of the brutal crusade occupation of the Peninsula. -1998 Fatwa, February 23, 1998
The Expansion of Israel
Why study Bin Laden?

OSB is responsible for multiple attacks on US targets at home and abroad OSB is not the leader of all Islamic extremists, but he has become an inspiration to many of them OSB has given us many concise statements as to his grievances OSB wants to kill YOU!!!!! He is more dangerous that most countries. If they attack we know where to get them, not so for OBL
Main Themes of Bin Ladens Rhetoric

1. The United States is the main enemy of Islam. 2. Islam has been betrayed from within by Muslim governments who have been corrupted. 3. The Jihad is self defense! 4. Bin Laden is a motivator of all Muslims, not their leader. 5. All weapons are on the table.
-Taken from Through Our Enemies Eyes: Osama bin Laden, Radical Islam, and the Future of America,
Osama bin Laden

Saudi born One of 52 Sons and Daughters fathered by Mohammed bin Laden with 22 different wives. (Wright, The Looming Tower, 82) Heir to bin Laden construction company Westernized until his teens
Bin Ladens war: the beginnings

1979-Soviet forces arrive in Afghanistan to support communist forces who had taken power in a coup a year earlier. Resistance against the Soviet forces soon became a jihad, a holy struggle to evict an atheist invader from a Muslim country Pakistan and Saudi Arabia were the largest backers of this jihad. The Saudis provided the funds, and Pakistan provided the training camps. Thousands of youth from across the Muslim world flocked to join this jihad
Among them was Osama Bin Laden, the son of a wealthy construction industry businessman. Bin Laden, born in 1957, was the 17th of his fathers 57 children. He studied business administration and then Islamic studies at King Abdul Aziz University in Jeddah.
Bin Ladens father was one of many who provided funds for the Afghan mujahideen, and Bin Laden began visiting the area in 1980. By 1982, he settled down in Peshawar, Pakistan, the main centre for the Afghan mujahideen. He brought in engineers from his company, and built roads and other buildings for the fighters
The CIAs role

By the early 1980, the CIA had begun funding and arming the mujahideen against the Soviet Union. The CIA, with the help of the Pakistani intelligence services and Saudi money, set up training camps, poured large amounts of money and weapons into the region. In 1986, his company built a huge CIA financed underground tunnel and storage complex for the mujahideen Between 1982 and 1992 an estimated 35,000 young Muslims from all over the world were trained in these camps.
I settled in Pakistan in the Afghan border region. There I received volunteers who came from the Saudi kingdom and all over the Arab and Muslim countries. I set up my first camp where these volunteers were trained by American and Pakistani officers. The weapons were supplied by the Americans, the money by the Saudis. Osama bin Laden in an interview to AFP, 27 August 1998
1989, Bin Laden forms his own group, known as Al Qaeda, or the base. Using his own money,as well as money from Saudi Arabia, the organisation grows, and attracts Arab militants In 1990, after the Soviet withdrawal, Bin Laden returns to Saudi Arabia and works in the family business. He also sets up a welfare organisation for Arab veterans of the Afghan war. Most importantly, OBL returned home with an address book containing the names of everybody who was anybody in Islamic activism and guerrilla warfare in his pocket. (TOEE, 117.)
In 1991, after Iraqs invasion of Kuwait Bin Laden wanted the Saudi royal family to create a force of Afghan war veterans to fight Saddam. Instead, the Saudis allowed US forces to be based in Saudi Arabia Bin Laden was furious about US troops would be based so closed to the sacred sites of Mecca and Medina. He criticized the Saudi royal family for allowing non Muslims to be based in the country. His view is widely accepted in the Arab world. Never has Islam suffered a greater disaster than this invasion. OBL The Saudi royal family revokes Bin Ladens citizenship
Bin Laden in Sudan and Afghanistan

1992, Bin Laden moves to Sudan, where he helps an Islamic revolution under Hassan Turabi. He uses his money to fund Islamic militants and gets together more Arab veterans from Afghanistan and runs construction projects. OBL funds Muslim fighters in Somalia and sends at least 250 of his own men to aid in the fight against the US. Somalis received some expert guidance [on the use of rocket propelled grenades] from Islamic soldiers smuggled in form Sudan, who had experience fighting Russian helicopters in Afghanistan. (Mark Bowen, Black Hawk Down) By now, he has begun the attract the attention of the US as a financier of terrorist organisations Saudi Arabia and the US put pressure on Sudan to give Bin Laden up. He leaves for Afghanistan in 1996, where he is welcomed by the Taliban 1998 Bin Laden issues a call for jihad against the US in the middle east By 1999 he is on FBIs 10 Most Wanted List
Did Bush and Clinton drop the ball?

We had many chances to kill OBL in the 1990s, but chose not to. February 2001, the director of the CIA told Congress that OBL was the USs top national security threat. Some Bush insiders say that Bush was only concerned with Iraq and Iran and never paid any attention to the threat posed by OBL and other terrorists. August 6, 2001- President Bush received a briefing entitled Bin Laden determined to strike in US. Even by the standards of the terrorist involved, the scale of assault [on September 11, 2001] was unimaginable. The point, though, is that we didnt even try to find out what was headed our way. Robert Baer, See No Evil.
Character Traits of Bin Laden

From Through Our Enemies Eyes
Personal Responsibility- He truly feels he is doing his job by waging Jihad against America. Piety- OBL is a devout Muslim. Gave up a life of riches to live with commoners and wage jihad against us. Professionalism- Businesslike in running Al Qaeda. His looks make us think he is an uneducated, anti-modern, crazy man, when this is the exact opposite. Courageous- Wounded at least twice fighting in Afghanistan
Did the CIA, FBI and NSA drop the ball?

In the early 90s the FBI regarded terrorism as a nuisance, not a threat.(The Looming Tower, 4.) As of the mid 1990s, only 8 FBI agents in the entire country spoke Arabic. (The Looming Tower, 309.) FBI Director Louis Freeh repeatedly stressed in White House meetings that al-Qaeda posed no domestic threat. (The Looming Tower, 336.) Though the NSA was able to monitor the satellite phones of bin Laden and Al Zawahiri, they refused to share the information with the FBI or CIA. (The Looming Tower, 321.)
How is OBL viewed today?

Muslims The West
Many throughout the world, not just Muslims, respect OBL because he has not backed down. He has become one of the great warriors in the history of Islam. Wherever Muslims are in trouble, it seems, Usama Bin Laden will be there, slaying enemies, real or perceived. A modern nightmare really- a big screen villain, a free-lancer with the resources of a state, but without all the nasty obligations. (John Miller as quoted in TOEE, 189.)
The West has pretty much decided that bin Laden is a serious threat only because he is a trigger-happy nut, psychopath, or violence prone youngster who never grew up. TOEE, p. 300
Excerpt from Through Our Enemies Eyes, pg. 196.

Bin Laden, however has no fixed address. When American military might comes calling the odds are Bin Lade, like Muhammad Ali, will float like a Muslim butterfly and live to sting another day like the prophets bee. All this is to say that it is counterintuitive for Hizballah and Iran- and Sudan and Iraq, for that matter- to deliberately put their heads on the chopping block with al Qaeda whey they derive the same benefit by doing nothing. Al Qaeda already has killed Americans, embarrassed Washington by forcing U.S. leaders into a war of words with a Saudi they cannot find, increased anti-Americanism among Muslims, caused the United States to spend $1.4 billion for security upgrades for its embassies and double its counterterrorism budget in five years, and put US forces in Saudi Arabia into isolated desert cantonments at a prolonged and enervating state of alert. All this is in the interest of Hizballah and Iran and, to date, they have benefited at no cost to themselves.
Bin Laden is not crazy!

Americans feel we are right and do not see ourselves as a threat. When someone doesnt like us or our policies, we consider that they must be demented. Bin Ladens public statements have been clear, concise and logical. In other words, he has basically told us what he will do (not specifically) and why. Yet we continue to ignore his threats!
What our government doesnt tell us!

Why did bin Laden attack us? Many times, government officials say that bin Laden attacked us because of who we are, how we live and what we believe in. Americans are asking, why do they hate us? They hate what we see right here in this chamber -- a democratically elected government. Their leaders are selfappointed. They hate our freedoms -our freedom of religion, our freedom of speech, our freedom to vote and assemble and disagree with each other. President Bush, September 20, 2001 This is a blatant lie. Bin Laden attacked us for what we have done, not who we are.
Most important, his words leave no room to doubt that Americans are being attacked for what they do in the Islamic world, not for how they think, live or govern themselves.Scheuer, TOEE, pg. x. The focused and lethal threat(comes) from their plausible perception that the things they love and value- God, Islam, their brethren, and Muslim lands are being attacked by America. Scheuer, IH, 9.
Bin Ladens threat.

Even though most of us had never heard of OBL before 9/11/01, the CIA, FBI, and many other government agencies were aware of him and his threat. Besides 9/11, OBL has been behind many attacks on US interests throughout the world. In response, the United States never seemed to take bin Laden too seriously, let alone accept the fact that our nation was in the path of real danger. (Scheuer, xvii.)
If he had the wherewithal to kill Americans and attack U.S. targets he would do so, but he doesnt..Hes serious about wanting to kill Americans, but as long as hes in Afghanistan, as long as he doesnt have access to a cell phone,. His ability to plan and conduct terrorist operations is extremely limited. Anonymous US official, 1999. He is responsible for attacks on US interests all over the world.
We are the enemy!

The Christian West is Islams main enemy. We are the leader of an unholy alliance that includes many European countries, India, China, etc. Bin Laden portrays Americans and their allies as inhuman creatures that thirst for Muslim blood, delight in gore, and aim to annihilate the Islamic world. (Scheuer, 47) Calls us Crusaders. Trying to rekindle Muslim memory of Crusades in the Middle Ages.
The Islamic world, just like 1,000 years ago stands at a critical juncture in history, threatened by a phased plan by the JudeoChristian conspiracy to gradually de-Islamicize and occupy the Muslim holy places in the Arabian Peninsula.Professor Manstorp. According to OBL and others, there is no difference between you and a US Soldier. The [Americans] are a people whose president becomes more popular when he kills innocent people If the majority of people support their dissolute president, this means the American people are fighting us and we have a right to target them. OBL, 1999.
The Enemies from Within!

The US is increasing its presence in Bin Laden sees the Saudi Arabian Arab countries in order to capture its government, and others as criminal oil reserves..We [the Islamic World] despots who betrayed God and his are suffering a daily loss of one prophet, and betrayed their trust and their hundred and fifteen dollars per nation. barrel During the last 13 years the Saudi Arabia is Bin Ladens biggest US has cost us a loss of eleven target because they allow the US to have hundred billion dollars The US buys military bases in the Land of the Two cheap oil from us and then sells us its Holy Places. own tanks and aircraft with the threat Saudi Arabian government is nothing of Israel. OBL, 1997 interview with more than a branch or agent of the US Pakistan to OBL. The overwhelming evidence is that OBL has said that Saudi Arabias oil the majority of our terrorist enemies policy is a economic hemorrhage. come from purportedly friendly If the United States is beheaded, the Arab countries, and their main grievance Kingdoms will wither away. OBL against us is that, in their eyes, we are responsible for maintaining the tyrannical regimes that rule over them. Scheuer, IH, pg. 11.
Self Defense
OBL sees Islam and the Muslim world are being attacked by a more modern, powerful, and predatory version of the medieval Catholic Crusaders (Scheuer, 54) Therefore it is every Muslims duty to fight to defend their religion and culture. (Total War) According to OBL it is the duty of every Muslim to kill Americans and destroy or steal their property and money. (Scheuer, 60) Familiar???????
Inspiration
Bin laden has continually stated that he is not a worldwide Islamic leader. His duty, and Al-Qaedas is to support anyone who carries out military action against the Americans. We seek to instigate the nation (Muslims) to get up and liberate its land, fight for the sake of God, and to make Islamic law the highest law, and the word of God the highest word of all.- OBL If the instigation for jihad against the Jews and Americans in order to liberate Al-Asqa mosque, and the Holy Kaaba, is considered a crime, then let history witness that I am a criminal. OBL It is our duty to lead people to the light OBL
Alls Fair!

Bin Laden is looking for a chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear weapon (CBRN). I would say that acquiring (CBRN) weapons for the defense of Muslims is a religious duty. OBL Bin Laden is not interested in using a CBRN weapon to terrorize his foes; he is seeking a first strike capability. (Scheuer, 72.) Killing Muslim civilians is an unfortunate, but acceptable effect of using a CBRN against the Crusaders. Killing them with a single bullet, a stab, or device made up of a popular mix of explosives or hitting them with an iron rod is not impossible. Burning down their property with Molotov cocktails is not difficult. With the available mean, small groups could prove to be a frightening horror for the Americans and the Jews.Ayamen Zawahiri Osama bin Laden sees heroin as a powerful new weapon in his war against the West that is capable of wreaking social havoc while generating huge profits. Washington Times, 1998. OBL sees our dropping of atomic weapons on Hiroshima and Nagasaki as examples of Americas disregard for human life. (Scheuer, 49.) Did the U.S. forget.. what it did to the residents of Hiroshima and Nagasaki?- OBL
Bin Ladens Followers

Why are many young peoplewilling to kill themselves to strike America?- David P. Baugh, defense attorney for African Embassy bomber. Because they believe in bin Laden and they agree with his message the Islam is under attack by the West. They too see American as the Evil Empire. Bin Laden has become a pan-Arab hero because the Arab and Muslim peoples are yearning to any voice that says no to the United States.- Muntasir al-Zayyat
Recruitment and propaganda efforts
Strategy and Recruitment
Video and audio tapes, CD-Roms, DVDs and the Internet
Key themes of al Qaeda recruitment:

The West is implacably hostile to Islam Only language the West understands is violence Jihad is the only option 9/11 was a tremendous victory (U.S. economy was destroyed and the course of history was changed) U.S. is a paper tiger on the verge of financial ruin and total collapse Patience and steadfastness are required
Strategy and Training

Lessons for new recruits include:
education in explosives and detonators: how to assemble bombs (e.g., TNT, C4), mines and grenades, pressure and trip wire booby traps, and the basic knowledge of electrical engineering how to mount rocket launchers in the beds of pickup trucks how and where to launder money
how to successfully conduct a kidnapping

how to conduct target identification, surveillance and reconnaissance how and where to build camouflage-covered trenches
how to covertly communicate with other members of a group or network

how to fire handguns, machine guns and rocket propelled grenade launchers
Lessons for new recruits include:
Strategy and Training
the rudiments of chemical and biological warfare
field command and escape tactics

marksmanship and camouflage the use and employment of Soviet rocket-propelled grenades and shoulder borne STRELA missiles
sniper rifle skills; how to fine-tune a rifle sight at short range to ensure accuracy at longer distances
how to direct weapon fire at targets on the ground and in the air training in four-man unit deployments and formationsincluding wedges, columns, echelons and linestechniques similar to those used by U.S. Marines and Army Rangers
Is there a broader war between Islam and the west?

The war in Iraq has convinced more and more people in the Middle East that the US seeks to dominate them, using Israel and Iraq as bases. Not a clash between Islam and the west, but US interests, and those of the people of the Middle East.
War on Iraq
Our armies do not come into your cities and lands as conquerors or enemies, but as liberators. ... It is [not] the wish of [our] government to impose upon you alien institutions. ... [It is our wish] that you should prosper even as in the past, when your lands were fertile, when your ancestors gave to the world literature, science, and art, and when Baghdad city was one of the wonders of the world. ... It is [our] hope that the aspirations of your philosophers and writers shall be realized and that once again the people of Baghdad shall flourish, enjoying their wealth and substance under institutions which are in consonance with their sacred laws and their racial ideals. -- General F. S. Maude to the people of Mesopotamia, March 19, 1917
War on Iraq of your country, The government of Iraq, and the future
will soon belong to you. ... We will end a brutal regime ... so that Iraqis can live in security. We will respect your great religious traditions, whose principles of equality and compassion are essential to Iraq's future. We will help you build a peaceful and representative government that protects the rights of all citizens. And then our military forces will leave. Iraq will go forward as a unified, independent, and sovereign nation that has regained a respected place in the world. You are a good and gifted people -- the heirs of a great civilization that contributes to all humanity. -- President George W. Bush to the people of Iraq, April 4, 2003
Reasons for Going to War Against Saddam

(according to the U. S. and Britain)
Saddam kicked out U.N. weapons inspectors. WMDs Weapons of Mass Destruction. Saddam did not obey the No-Fly Zone limitations. He was a savage dictator. Stop Saddam before he can launch nuclear missiles against Israel, Europe, or even the United States.
America's Invasion of Iraq Is a Gift (1)

America's invasion split the infidels and has provoked the community America's quick military "victory" has put its soldiers where they are vulnerable to the kind of warfare we can wage--Iraq will be America's Afghanistan! It opens a new front for jihad It will provide a new radicalizing, bonding experience for hundreds of young recruits Muslim insurgents will gain valuable field experience
America's Invasion of Iraq Is a Gift (2)

How long can the Americans stay? It took a decade to convince the Soviets, but American's have even less spine or stomach for losses. Will they last until 2013 with 6,000 dead? Once they depart to live in angry isolation, chaos will ensue in Iraq giving jihad new space The apostate regimes of the Gulf will tremble and fall Proves to many non radical Muslims that the U.S. is greedy and is just out to plunder the resources of the Muslim world.
Iraq Insurgency: Guerillas or Terrorists, Ethnic or Ideological?

Objectives for the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq The United States sought to enforce a mandate from the United Nations to end the production and possession of weapons of mass destruction in Iraq The United States wanted to end the reign of Saddam Hussein and implement a democratically elected government The stated purpose was to end collusion between Saddam Hussein and al Qaeda After the major offensive, the campaign of violence against the United States and its allies was horrendous Democratic elections took place in Iraq in January of 2005, but the Iraq insurgency continued

Three main insurgent groups Displaced Baathists who were part of Sadddam Husseins regime Many Baathists believe they can reclaim power. The see themselves engaged in a guerilla campaign Iraqis who want the United States to leave their country Sunni militants Militant Shiites Iraqi Criminals

Jihadists who have come to Iraq to fight the United States Some flock from surrounding areas to fight as guerillas Some are terrorists within an al Qaeda\style umbrella They are behind many of the murderous kidnappings and suicide bombings The three insurgent groups do not share a common vision for the future of Iraq and they are frequently at odds with each other

The culture factor
An old Arab folk saying illustrates the overriding importance of family ties in Arab culture and the response to the stranger: I and my brothers against my cousins; I and my cousins against the stranger When such cultural aspects combine with the various ideologies motivating insurgent groups, it is possible to see that a major portion of the insurrection does not involve terrorism Many of the actions against Americans and their allies do not involve terrorism If the United States is to end major combat operations in Iraq, it will need to implement a strategy that addresses the major issues that insurgents and terrorist groups use to justify violence
IEDs
Increasing use of Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs) and/or mines in roads.
Recommendations:
Do not attempt to move, or stop for, items in the road, to include:
Boxes Bags Debris Animal Carcasses UXO Soda Cans Broke-down vehicles
Give wide clearance to any items on the roads. Remember the rules for obstacles They are being observed. Hostile forces may directly target Coalition forces that stop to investigate or clear IEDSdo not stop near a suspected IED.
IED Hidden in Plaster made to look like concrete block on side of road under debris
Garage Door opener detonation device (Notice Wire)
IED
130mm HE projectile in Plastic bag.
More IED
130mm HE projectile in burlap bag (notice wires coming out of bag)
VCR Tape IED
X-RAY Image
Are we hurting ourselves?

Today America is still fighting is Afghanistan and Iraq, two wars that were declared over years ago. With every day that goes by and every Muslim killed, anti-American sentiment grows throughout the Muslim world. In conducting these activities [Afghanistan and Iraq] US forces and policies are completing the radicalization of the Islamic world, something Osama bin Laden has been trying to do with substantial but incomplete success since the early 1990s. As a result, I think it fair to conclude that the United States of America remains bin Ladens only indispensable ally. Scheuer, IH, pg. xv. We thank God for appeasing us with the dilemma in Iraq and Afghanistan. The Americans are facing a delicate situation in both countries. If they withdraw they will lose everything and if they stay, they will continue to bleed to death. Ayaman al-Zawahiri.
Why America Wants: a Short War

A short war means lower costs in lives and national treasure. A short war reflects the enormous talent and power of our nation. To the average American, the threat to the U.S. is difficult to comprehend. War is alien to the peaceful nature and desires of our nation.
Why the Global War on Terrorism is a Long War

The enemy is committed to his cause. He is prepared to fight to the death for what he believes is a defense of his religion. The enemy has a strategy with global aspirations. He estimates it will take him decades to accomplish his strategic objectives. It requires change within the Islamic world. Historically, such changes have taken centuries to occur. It requires increased partner nation capacity armed forces, police, economic development, and good governance to combat the violent extremist threat. Such growth takes decades to achieve. Bin Laden and others are patient. The Americans should know that we have resolved to fight them fiercely in a long battle.Generations will pass on the torch to the following ones so that the Prophets flag remains raised in victory till eternity. Ayman al-Zawahiri, Bin Ladens Top Lieutenant
Defeating an Ideology: Takes Time

The Islamic Radical threat of this century greatly resembles the bankrupt ideology of the last. The murderous ideology of the Islamic radicals is the great challenge of our century. Yet, in many ways, this fight resembles the struggle against communism in the last century. -President Bush, 6 October 2005
Communism
Communist ideology gained prominence in 1919 US opposition began in 1946 43 years of Cold and Hot War to defeat the ideology Communism ultimately collapsed from within
Violent Islamic-Based Extremism

Threads of history thousands of years long Potentially more legitimacy with a religious based ideology, especially when conditions support group based vs. state based more difficult to apply cold war strategies
Key Lesson: Marginalizing an ideology requires patience and promoting reform from within
Ideology: Cold War vs. Violent Extremism

Cold War Similarities: Measured in decades Requires all elements of national power Requires efforts of coalitions/alliances Extremely high stakes The further spread of terrorism Spillover or Domino Theory Greater restrictions of civil liberties to stem the expanding threat Moderate governments in the Middle East at risk Civil unrest in countries with sizable Muslim minorities Key Differences:
Religious basis of violent extremism versus a political ideology
Extremists are predominately a stateless enemy
We cannot discredit all of Islam as we did with communism, it is a divine religion. We can only discredit the violent extremist
cures must come from within Muslim societies themselves. The United States must support such developments. But this process is likely to be measured in decades, not years. - 9/11 Commission Report
Building Capacity in the Cold War

Long Term Examples of Success (Decades of Support) Germany, Japan, South Korea Commonalities Sustained American Presence still today (over 50 years) Significant American Investment Democratic societies with free market economies Payoff Partner nations stood up to Communist threats All are significant allies and trading partners Each is a stabilizing force within their region
Key Lesson: Capacity building takes decadesbut it is what allows the United States to win this war in the long term.
Consider How the U.S. can be Defeated

The United States cannot be defeated militarily. The enemy knows this. But consider:
The worlds most dangerous people possess the worlds most dangerous weapons nuclear, chemical, or biological weapons Terror attacks weaken the world economy Continued casualties weaken national resolve Traditional allies prefer accommodation
Would it expand the conflict into a clash of civilizations? Or

Force our economy into a recession? Depression? Create political pressure for isolationism? Deter us from necessary action? Force us to reach accommodation Peace in our Time?
To win, the US must exploit the vulnerabilities of the enemy. What are they?
What are the Enemys Vulnerabilities?

The enemys violent acts, vision of the future, and ideology do not
reflect the beliefs of the Muslim majority:

Murder of ordinary people widely unsupported within the Muslim population. Repressive Taliban-like regimes do not appeal to the average Muslim. The enemy has inherent weaknesses as well: Monolithic view of Islam underestimates cultural and religious differences No military capacity to expand their fight beyond terrorist tactics Underestimates the will of America and our allies
So what do we need to do? What is our strategy?
US Strategy
The three key elements in win this war are:
Protect and defend the Homeland Attack terrorists and their capacity to operate effectively at home and abroad Support mainstream Muslim efforts to reject violent extremism
In addition to the strategic elements, there are three critical crosscutting enablers:
Expanding foreign partnerships and partnership capacity Strengthening our capacity to prevent terrorist acquisition and use of WMD Institutionalizing domestically and internationally the strategy against violent extremists
This war goes far beyond the borders of Iraq, Afghanistan and the Greater Middle East
What are the Implications of Quitting? Failure?

Violent extremist overthrow the government of Iraq. U.S. image damaged throughout the world an emboldened enemy
Resource rich safe havens for the enemy increasing our risk of attack
Failure to stop the enemy now, while he is relatively weak, portends a larger conflict later at enormous costs.
Much of the worlds energy resources held hostage Many of the worlds population repressed and isolated from growth and prosperity Extremists with the resources to carry-on continued attacks Countries isolated from a global trading economy Other religious beliefs repressed American security and standard of living at jeopardy
Another attack remains an ambition The jihadists lack capability? Improved intelligence and security measures have made operation environment too difficult? They certainly could do something Anything below 9-11 scale would appear feeble They are patient--8 years between '93 WTC bombing and 9-11
Why No Attacks on American Soil Since 9-11? (1)
Why No Attacks on American Soil Since 9-11? (2)

They are exploiting opportunities in Iraq right now? Locals won't act without approval?
If al Qaeda planning (or has ambitions for) another big one, a lesser attack now would make it more difficult--attack when the enemy is inattentive Local recruits instructed to prepare themselves--a crackdown is expected A strategy of "many Madrids?"
What is next for Al Qaeda?

Al Qaeda will strike the US again. It will be as big or bigger than 9/11. It could be tomorrow, next year, or in 20 years. Remember, Al Qaeda is patient. Bin Laden wants us to leave the Middle East and give up our support of Israel. His aim is to force us to consider whether continued support of Israel is worth the bloodshed he promises. John Miller as quoted in TOEE, 260.
Why are we losing the War on Terror?

Faulty analysis of OBL and his threat.
Al Qaeda is not a typical terrorist group. It is multinational and not state sponsored. Most terrorist experts have underestimated OBL and Al Qaeda because of the latter. Most so called experts are trying to analyze OBL as a normal terrorist, when he is anything but. He and his followers are motivated by religion and the belief that they are doing Gods will. This makes them much more dangerous than someone fighting for a worldly cause.
Islamic fundamentalism represents a minority that would impose religious doctrine from and earlier historical era.The vast majority of Muslims worldwide do not support violence. Richard Mackenzie as quoted in TOEE, p. 300. This war is fundamentally religious. Under no circumstances should we forget this enmity between us and the infidels For the enmity is based on creed. OBL, quoted in TOEE, p. 19.
Faulty analysis of OBL and his threat.

If he had the wherewithal to kill Americans and attack U.S. targets he would do so, but he doesnt..as long as hes in Afghanistan, as long as he doesnt have access to a cell phone,.his ability to pan and conduct terrorist operation is extremely limited. Unnamed State Department Counterterrorism Official, 1999, from TOEE p. 22. I just dont think a guy in a cave in Afghanistan can send off e-mails over satellite phone ordering mass destruction anywhere in the world. Real life is not like James Bond movies, It is just not that easy to hold the world ransom. London based Security consultant as quoted in TOEE, p. 302.
Different Styles of War

Bin Laden is using a no holds barred style of war by attacking civilian and military targets. He (OBL) and other Islamic activists appreciate that neither the U.S. nor Israel can politically afford high levels of military casualties, as previous events in Beirut, Somalia, and Southern Lebanon have shown. Professor Magnus Rainstorm in TOEE, 209. The US, on the other had is obsessed with trying to keep casualties on our side, and theirs, low. We will lose if we continue in this manner.
Imperial Hubris
We think we are right!
We have to understand that sometimes our actions, no matter how good they seem to us, are viewed by others as harmful to them. We need to understand that the American way does not work for everyone. We need to analyze our foreign policies to see if they are worth the backlash. If they are, we need to be prepared to accept it.
How Do We Win?
Get tough or get out. We cannot underestimate them, therefore fighting a limited war. We cannot continue to fight a politically correct war. Think WWII not Vietnam. We have to kill those who hope to hurt us. The public needs to be educated about the costs. The range of American policy options in the [Middle East] region is reduced to two alternatives, both disagreeable: Get tough or get out.
Westerners have learned, by harsh experience, that the proper response [when attacked by Islamic raiders] is not to take fright but to marshal their forces, to launch massive retaliation and to persist relentlessly until the raiders have either been eliminated or so coed by the violence inflicted that they relapse into inactivitythe world must learn again that the United States, when severely antagonized, is to be feared; that it grinds its mortal enemies to powder as it did sixty years ago, that the widespread view in extremist Islamic circles that it (US) is cowardly, decadent, and easily intimidated by the thought of casualties is false.
How Do We Win?
Reform the Immigration System. We need to know who is in our country. We need to be able to keep track of the people in our country. We need to be able to get them out when their visas expire.
How do we win?
Persian Gulf oil and the lack of serious U.S. alternative-energy development are at the core of the bin Laden issue. For cheap, easily accessible oil, Washington and the West have supported the Muslim tyrannies bin Laden and other Islamists seek to destroy. There can be no other reason for backing Saudi Arabia, a regime that, since its founding, has deliberately fostered an Islamic ideology, whose goals- unlike bin Ladenscan be met only by annihilating all non-Muslims. Scheuer, IH, pg. xi.
Get Off Oil We need to invest in alternative energy sources. Not only will this help the environment, it will make our nation a safer place. If we get off oil, we will have no reason to be in the Middle East, thereby making our country safer.
Most important point!

Killing Osama Bin Laden will not end the problem. There are many who agree with him and someone will replace him upon his death. According to a friend of bin Ladens #2 man, The fundamentalist movements leaders are ideas, a heritage, a stature, and principles that do not disappear when they (Bin Laden and other leaders) disappear. We need to solve the problems that have led to bin Laden and others hating us.

Islamic Fundamentalist Terrorism

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If there is a single power the West underestimates, it is the power of collective hatred. Ralph Peters, 1999.

Islamic Fundamentalist Terrorism

For More info see

Popular Beliefs and Misconceptions about Terrorism

Terrorism as weapon in a strategy

Terrorist attacks = form of strategic communication

The Tactics of Terrorism

Weapons of mass destruction?

Some Strategic Objectives of Terrorism

Television and Terrorism: A Cozy Relationship

Television and Terrorism: A Cozy Relationship

The Media as a Force Multiplier

The Media as a Force Multiplier

The Media as a Force Multiplier

Security Forces vs. Reporters

Security Forces vs. Reporters

Security Forces vs. Reporters

Does Reporting Make Terrorism Contagious?

Terrorism is a Political Act

Terrorism is Not Irrational

States Sponsoring Terrorism Today

State Sponsored Terrorism

State Sponsored Terrorism

Hizballahs Arsenal of Weapons

Into the Heart of Israel

Unknown launchers; thousands of rockets

Dozens of guns; Thousands of shells

11.8 km 24 km 2.75 km 18km 1000-3000 m 300-2000 m 300-2000 m A. 600-3750 m B. 1000-3000 m

Israeli civilians and towns

Several hundred missiles of all types

SA-7 14.5 mm 23 mm 57mm

A few of each kind

1.5-1.9 km 2500-600m 3000-1400m 5000-4000m

Terrorism is a Political Act

Terrorism in the USA

Ecoterrorism, Animal Rights, and Genetic Engineering

Murrah Federal Building Oklahoma City

168 Dead 490 Injured

Terrorist tactics have been admired in the past

Why Terrorism? Because It Works

Terrorist Profiles: Three Views

Creating Terrorist Organizations

Terrorism Support Base

Suicide Terror Attacks are . . .

Suicide Terrorism: Where?

High value, symbolic targets against specific persons

Deliberately lethal attacks targeting the public

Suicide Attacks Thwarted by Israeli Forces

Types of Suicide Terrorism

Profile of Suicide Terrorists

5 Principles of Suicide Terrorism

2. Designed to coerce modern democracies, usually over territorial claims

5 Principles of Suicide Terrorism

Two factors related to the news media are crucial

Selected Suicide Terror Campaigns

US out of Arabian Peninsula

Analysis of Religious Terrorism

Analysis of Religious Terrorism

Analysis of Religious Terrorism

Analysis of Religious Terrorism

The Social Characteristics of Terrorists: Juergensmeyers Terror in Gods Mind

After the Sept 11 attacks

Huntingtons Clash of Civilizations and Espositos Response