PELEDAKAN TAMBANG TERBUKA

Disajikan dalam :
RAKER INTERNAL PT. BUMA

(11 - 12 Oktober 2004)

oleh :
DEDY IRAWAN
DIVISI TAMBANG UMUM
PT. DAHANA (PERSERO)

SAMAR IN DA
KALIMANTAN TIMUR 2 0 0 4

MATERI PEMBORAN DAN PELEDAKAN

TEKNIK PELEDAKAN

TEKNIK PEMBORAN

EKONOMI PELEDAKAN

DAMPAK PELEDAKAN

SAFE BLASTING

MAJOR FACTORS INFLUENCING BLAST EFFICIENCY

ATTITUDE

COMMUNICATION
BLAST DESIGN
GEOLOGICAL EFFECTS

ATTITUDE
PAYING ATTENTION TO DETAILS
EACH OPERATION MUST BE COMPLETED
AS PRECISELY AS POSSIBLE

TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT (T.Q.M)

GROUP EFFORT

COMMUNICATION
) SAFE BLASTING PRACTICES REQUIRE GOOD
COMMUNICATION.
) COMMUNICATION BETWEEN MEMBERS OF
SAME GROUP AND BETWEEN GROUPS.
) OPTIMUM BLAST DESIGNS DEPEND ON INPUT
FROM EACH GROUP.

KEYS TO EFFICIENT BLAST

DESIGN
UNIFORM ENERGY DISTRIBUTION
APPROPRIATE ENERGY CONFINEMENT
PROPER ENERGY LEVEL
ADJUSMENT OF DESIGN TO MEET EXISTING CONDITIONS

APPROACH TO ACHIEVING OPTIMUM

BLAST EFFIENCY
Blast
Design

Design
Refinement

Bench
Preparation

Optimum Blast
Performance

Performance
Evaluation

Firing

Pattern
Layout

Drilling

Blast
Loading

DI
ST
RI
BU
TIO
N

Y
O

EM
IN
NF
T
EN

EN
ER
G
Y

G
ER
EN

O
P
T
IM
U
M
E
X
P
L
O
S
IV
E
S
P
E
R
F
O
R
M
A
N
C
E

L
O
S
I
V
E
S
E
N
E
R
G
Y
L
E
V
E
L
E
X
P

GEOLOGICAL EFFECTS
Blasting results are influenced more by rock properties

than explosive properties.

Rock properties:
Compressive strength >> Tensile strength
Rock Structure:

Rock fragmentation is primarily controlled

by bedding, jointing, and faulting.

Smaller drill pattern minimize the adverse effects of bedding and fractures
but
increase drill and blast costs.

Explosives with high gas production (ANFO) are appropriate for highly jointed
or
fractured rock.

The orientation of the free face to the joints sets is also a key consideration
for
fragmentation and wall control.

GEOLOGICAL EFFECTS

Water

Static water
Dynamic water
Multiple priming is advised in wet blast hole

Dipping seams of factures into pit:

unstable walls
excessive backbreak

Dipping seams into rockmass:

unbroken toe
overhang potential

Joints parallel to free face:

good wall control
can be best orientation

Joints angled to free face:

blocky face
excessive end break

Simplified blocky rockmass

free face

poor
fragmentation
zone

expanded pattern prevents even energy distribution

uniform
fragmentation

tight pattern promotes even energy distribution

Presplit Evaluation
open pit

bench

Spacing should be reduced

open pit

bench

Spacing can be expanded

EXPLOSIVES
Hard massive rock High density explosive
Soft / Fractured rock Low density explosive
Explosive with high gas production (such as ANFO) for
D
isplacement are
appropriate for highly jointed or
fractured
rock.

Water resistance
Chemical stability
Fume characteristics
Bulk ANFO :

Zero Oxygen Balance = 94.3% AN + 5.7% FO

Over fuel mix, example: 92% AN + 8% FO
Prod. 6% less energy CO
Under fuel mix, example: 96% AN + 4% FO
Prod. 18% less energy NO2
Increase sensitivity
Its generally better to over fuel ANFO rather than under fuel
it.
Primers:
Primer diameter should closely match hole dia.
Two primers are recommended for blasthole over 15 meters
deep [ANFO] & 10 meters deep [Emulsion Blend].

BASIC DRILL / BLAST DESIGN

BENCH HEIGHT

BLASTHOLE DIAMETER

BURDEN

BURDEN STIFFNESS RATIO

SPACING

SUBDRILLING

STEMMING

DECKING / AIR DECKING

ANGLE DRILLING

TIMING DESIGN / DELAY

SURFACE BLASTING GEOMETRY

BENCH HEIGHT

If the height is not predetermined :

BH (m) >> Blasthole Dia. (mm) / 15

BLASTHOLE DIAMETER

To achieve excellent energy distribution :

DIA (mm) = Bench Height (m) x 8

If charge diameter is less than the blast hole diameter, the decoupling effect must be taken
into account.
As blasthole diameters increase the cost of drilling, loading & explosive generally decrease.
Smaller blast holes distribute the explosive energy better than large blast holes.

BURDEN
Burden (m) are normally equal the charge diameter (mm) x (20 35).
Initial Burden Estimation Guide (see table)

BURDEN STIFFNESS RATIO

Equal to the Bench height divided by burden

<< 2
2 3.5
>> 3.5

: stiff and poor fragmentation.

: good fragmentation.
: excellent fragmentation.

BSR can be improved by using smaller hole diameter or greater bench height.

Decoupling Effect on Detonation Pressure

% reduction in wet
Blastholes equals

= 1-

% reduction in dry
= 1Blastholes equals

Diameter of Explosive
Diameter of Blasthole
Diameter of Explosive
Diameter of Blasthole

1.8

2.6

Example : the detonation pressure of a 127 mm diameter explosive in a 165 mm

diameter blasthole will be reduced by 38% in a wet hole and 49% in a dry hole.

Initial Burden Dimension

Explosive Density x 2

+ 1.8 x Explosive Diameter

Burden (m) =

Rock Density
84

SPACING
Normally ranges from (1 to 1.8) x Burden
Optimum energy distribution:
S = 1.15 x B
Pattern is laid out in Staggered

SUBDRILLING
Normally ranges from ( 0.3 to 0.5 ) x Burden
or ranges from (8 12) x Hole diameter
to much Sub drilling produces Excessive
Ground Vibration
Less Sub drilling produces Excessive toe
To improve fragmentation the blast hole primer
should be placed at grade level.
DECKING / AIR DECKING
Minimum decking for dry holes:
Deck = hole diameter x 6

Minimum decking for wet holes:

Deck = hole diameter x 12

Air decking can reduce the amount of explosives

to achieve good results by efficiently utilising
the available explosive energy.

UNIFORM ENERGY DISTRIBUTION

Square
Pattern

Square, Staggered
Pattern

S=B

S=B

Slighty Rectangular
Staggered Pattern

Rectangular
Staggered Pattern

S = B x 1.15

S = B x 1.5

Decking Alternatives
Dry Hole
Deck = hole diameter x 6

Wet Hole

Air Deck

deck = hole diameter x 12

Stemming

Stemming

Explosives

Explosives

Stemming

Plug
Air Deck

Deck

Deck

Explosives

Explosives

Explosives

STEMMING
Normally ranges from (20 to 30) x Hole dia.
or equal to 0.7 x Burden.

Crushed rock confine explosive energy

Better than drill cuttings.
Wet blast holes require more stemming for
confinement than dry blast holes.

Relative Confinement (RC):

>> 1.4 : Confine
<< 1.4 : Fly rock & stemming
ejection

Vertical Energy Distribution (VED):

Charge length divided by Bench height
>> 80% to produce uniform
fragmentation

To improve VED : Reduce charge dia. or

Increase Bench height. Then recalculate
Burden and stemming dimensions.

RELATIVE STEMMING CONFINEMENT CALCULATION

Stem Length (m)

Charge Diameter (mm)

1.00
1.25
1.50
1.75
2.00
2.25
2.50
2.75
3.00
3.25
3.50
3.75
4.00
4.25
4.75
5.00
5.50
6.00
6.50
7.00
7.50
8.00
8.50
9.00
9.50
10.00
10.50
11.00
11.50

50
4,800
5,850
6,900
7,950
9,000
10,050
11,100
12,150
13,200
14,250
15,300
16,350
17,400
18,450
20,550
21,600
23,700
25,800
27,900
30,000
32,100
34,200
36,300
38,400
40,500
42,600
44,700
46,800
48,900

60
4,100
4,975
5,850
6,725
7,600
8,475
9,350
10,225
11,100
11,975
12,850
13,725
14,600
15,475
17,225
18,100
19,850
21,600
23,350
25,100
26,850
28,600
30,350
32,100
33,850
35,600
37,350
39,100
40,850

70
3,600
4,350
5,100
5,850
6,600
7,350
8,100
8,850
9,600
10,350
11,100
11,850
12,600
13,350
14,850
15,600
17,100
18,600
20,100
21,600
23,100
24,600
26,100
27,600
29,100
30,600
32,100
33,600
35,100

80
3,225
3,881
4,538
5,194
5,850
6,506
7,163
7,819
8,475
9,131
9,788
10,444
11,100
11,756
13,069
13,725
15,038
16,350
17,663
18,975
20,288
21,600
22,913
24,225
25,538
26,850
28,163
29,475
30,788

90
2,933
3,517
4,100
4,683
5,267
5,850
6,433
7,017
7,600
8,183
8,767
9,350
9,933
10,517
11,683
12,267
13,433
14,600
15,767
16,933
18,100
19,267
20,433
21,600
22,767
23,933
25,100
26,267

100
2,700
3,225
3,750
4,275
4,800
5,325
5,850
6,375
6,900
7,425
7,950
8,475
9,000
9,525
10,575
11,100
12,150
13,200
14,250
15,300
16,350
17,400
18,450
19,500
20,550
21,600
22,650
23,700

125
2,280
2,700
3,120
3,540
3,960
4,380
4,800
5,220
5,640
6,060
6,480
6,900
7,320
7,740
8,580
9,000
9,840
10,680
11,520
12,360
13,200
14,040
14,880
15,720
16,560
17,400
18,240
19,080

150
2,000
2,350
2,700
3,050
3,400
3,750
4,100
4,450
4,800
5,150
5,500
5,850
6,200
6,550
7,250
7,600
8,300
9,000
9,700
10,400
11,100
11,800
12,500
13,200
13,900
14,600
15,300
16,000

175
1,800
2,100
2,400
2,700
3,000
3,300
3,600
3,900
4,200
4,500
4,800
5,100
5,400
5,700
6,300
6,600
7,200
7,800
8,400
9,000
9,600
10,200
10,800
11,400
12,000
12,600
13,200
13,800

200
225
1,650 1,533
1,913 1,767
2,175 2,000
2,438 2,233
2,700 2,467
2,963 2,700
3,225 2,933
3,488 3,167
3,750 3,400
4,013 3,633
4,275 3,867
4,538 4,100
4,800 4,333
5,063 4,567
5,588 5,033
5,850 5,267
6,375 5,733
6,900 6,200
7,425 6,667
7,950 7,133
8,475 7,600
9,000 8,067
9,525 8,533
10,050 9,000
10,575 9,467
11,100 9,933
11,625 10,400
12,150 10,867

250
1,440
1,650
1,860
2,070
2,280
2,490
2,700
2,910
3,120
3,330
3,540
3,750
3,960
4,170
4,590
4,800
5,220
5,640
6,060
6,480
6,900
7,320
7,740
8,160
8,580
9,000
9,420
9,840

275
1,364
1,555
1,745
1,936
2,127
2,318
2,509
2,700
2,891
3,082
3,273
3,464
3,655
3,845
4,227
4,418
4,800
5,182
5,564
5,945
6,327
6,709
7,091
7,473
7,855
8,236
8,618
9,000

300
1,300
1,475
1,650
1,825
2,000
2,175
2,350
2,525
2,700
2,875
3,050
3,225
3,400
3,575
3,925
4,100
4,450
4,800
5,150
5,500
5,850
6,200
6,550
6,900
7,250
7,600
7,950
8,300

325
1,246
1,408
1,569
1,731
1,892
2,054
2,215
2,377
2,538
2,700
2,862
3,023
3,185
3,346
3,669
3,831
4,154
4,477
4,800
5,123
5,446
5,769
6,092
6,415
6,738
7,062
7,385
7,708

To calculate the relative confinement find the value that represents the stem length and charge diameter. Next
divide the value by the absolute bulk strenght of the explosives. For example, with a charge diameter of 150 mm
and a stem length of 4 m the corresponding value = 6200. Assuming that ANFO with an ABS of 3200 is the
explosives used, the relative cinfinement will equal 6200 divided by by 3200 or 1.94. Generally if the relative
confinement is greater than 1.4 the cinfinement will be adequate if the value is less than 1.4 flyrock and steming
ejection may occur.

350
1,200
1,350
1,500
1,650
1,800
1,950
2,100
2,250
2,400
2,550
2,700
2,850
3,000
3,150
3,450
3,600
3,900
4,200
4,500
4,800
5,100
5,400
5,700
6,000
6,300
6,600
6,900
7,200

BASIC BLAST DESIGN

Charge
Diameter

Relative Confinement (RC)

Calculation

Stem
Length

(Stem Length x 210,000) + (Charge Diameter x 600)

RC

=
(Charge Energy ABS x Charge Diameter)

Example 1 : Charge Diameter

Charge Energy ABS
Stemming Length
Relative Confinement
typically well confined
Example 2 : Charge Diameter
Charge Energy ABS
Stemming Length
Relative Confinement
poorly confined

152 mm
3167 j/cc
3.7 m
1.80
152 mm
3167 j/g
2.1 m
1.11

Explosives Absolute Bulk Strength Calculation

AWS (kl/g)

Explosives Density (g/cc)

0.6

0.65

0.7

0.75

0.8

0.85

0.9

0.95

1.05

1.1

1.15

1.2

1.25

1.3

1.35

2,500

1,500

1,625

1,750

1,875

2,000

2,125

2,250

2,375

2,500

2,625

2,750

2,875

3,000

3,125

3,250

3,375

2,550

1,530

1,658

1,785

1,913

2,040

2,168

2,295

2,423

2,550

2,678

2,805

2,933

3,060

3,188

3,315

3,443

2,600

1,560

1,690

1,820

1,950

2,080

2,210

2,340

2,470

2,600

2,730

2,860

2,990

3,120

3,250

3,380

3,510

2,650

1,590

1,723

1,855

1,988

2,120

2,253

2,385

2,518

2,650

2,783

2,915

3,048

3,180

3,313

3,445

3,578

2,700

1,620

1,755

1,890

2,025

2,160

2,295

2,430

2,565

2,700

2,835

2,970

3,105

3,240

3,375

3,510

3,645

2,750

1,650

1,788

1,925

2,063

2,200

2,338

2,475

2,613

2,750

2,888

3,025

3,163

3,300

3,438

3,575

3,713

2,800

1,680

1,820

1,960

2,100

2,240

2,380

2,520

2,660

2,800

2,940

3,080

3,220

3,360

3,500

3,640

3,780

2,850

1,710

1,853

1,995

2,138

2,280

2,423

2,565

2,708

2,850

2,993

3,135

3,278

3,420

3,563

3,705

3,848

2,900

1,740

1,885

2,030

2,175

2,320

2,465

2,610

2,755

2,900

3,045

3,190

3,335

3,480

3,625

3,770

3,915

2,950

1,770

1,918

2,065

2,213

2,360

2,508

2,655

2,803

2,950

3,098

3,245

3,393

3,540

3,688

3,835

3,983

3,000

1,800

1,950

2,100

2,250

2,400

2,550

2,700

2,850

3,000

3,150

3,300

3,450

3,600

3,750

3,900

4,050

3,100

1,860

2,015

2,170

2,325

2,480

2,635

2,790

2,945

3,100

3,255

3,410

3,565

3,720

3,875

4,030

4,185

3,200

1,920

2,080

2,240

2,400

2,560

2,720

2,880

3,040

3,200

3,360

3,520

3,680

3,840

4,000

4,160

4,320

3,300

1,980

2,145

2,310

2,475

2,640

2,805

2,970

3,135

3,300

3,465

3,630

3,795

3,960

4,125

4,290

4,455

3,400

2,040

2,210

2,380

2,550

2,720

2,890

3,060

3,230

3,400

3,570

3,740

3,910

4,080

4,250

4,420

4,590

3,500

2,100

2,275

2,450

2,625

2,800

2,975

3,150

3,325

3,500

3,675

3,850

4,025

4,200

4,375

4,550

4,725

3,600

2,160

2,340

2,520

2,700

2,880

3,060

3,240

3,420

3,600

3,780

3,960

4,140

4,320

4,500

4,680

4,860

3,700

2,220

2,405

2,590

2,775

2,960

3,145

3,330

3,515

3,700

3,885

4,070

4,255

4,440

4,625

4,810

4,995

3,800

2,280

2,470

2,660

2,850

3,040

3,230

3,420

3,610

3,800

3,990

4,180

4,370

4,560

4,750

4,940

5,130

3,900

2,340

2,535

2,730

2,925

3,120

3,315

3,510

3,705

3,900

4,095

4,290

4,485

4,680

4,875

5,070

5,265

4,000

2,400

2,600

2,800

3,000

3,200

3,400

3,600

3,800

4,000

4,200

4,400

4,600

4,800

5,000

5,200

5,400

4,150

2,490

2,698

2,905

3,113

3,320

3,528

3,735

3,943

4,150

4,358

4,565

4,773

4,980

5,188

5,395

5,603

4,300

2,580

2,795

3,010

3,225

3,440

3,655

3,870

4,085

4,300

4,515

4,730

4,945

5,160

5,375

5,590

5,805

4,450

2,670

2,893

3,115

3,338

3,560

3,783

4,005

4,228

4,450

4,673

4,895

5,118

5,340

5,563

5,785

6,008

4,600

2,760

2,990

3,220

3,450

3,680

3,910

4,140

4,370

4,600

4,830

5,060

5,290

5,520

5,750

5,980

6,210

4,750

2,850

3,088

3,325

3,563

3,800

4,038

4,275

4,513

4,750

4,988

5,225

5,463

5,700

5,938

6,175

6,413

4,900

2,940

3,185

3,430

3,675

3,920

4,165

4,410

4,655

4,900

5,145

5,390

5,635

5,880

6,125

6,370

6,615

Efficient Blasting Techniques - Dyno Wesfarmers - Blast Dynamics 1995

Basic Blast Design - Page 7

ENERGY DISTRIBUTION

Bench Height
Charge Diameter
Burden
Stiffness Ratio
Stemming
7m
Vert. Energy Dist.

10 m
311 m
10 m
1

Bench Height
Charge Diameter
Burden
Stiffness Ratio
Stemming
Vert. Energy Dist.

10 m
145 m
5m
2
3.5 m
65%

Bench Height
Charge Diameter
Burden
Stiffness Ratio
Stemming
Vert. Energy Dist.

10 m
92 m
3.3 m
3
2.3 m
77%

30%

Poor Energy Distribution

2
Fair Energy Distribution

Note : the energy factor is

the same for each example

Good Energy Distribution

STEPS TO IMPROVE TOP BREAKAGE

increase

Cap Rock

Cap Rock

Cap Rock

reduce

Step #1
Increase charge length
while maintaining
explosives confinement and
or reduce the pattern size.
Step #2
Place small explosives deck
in hard zone. If downhole
delays are used the deck
should be fired 25 ms
before the main charge.

Step #3
Drill satellite holes between
production holes and if
possible load into hard
zone.

ANGLE DRILLING
ADVANTAGES
>>
>>
>>
>>

Better energy distribution

Reduced over break
Better floor control
Improve high wall stability

DISADVANTAGES
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>

Requires attention to drill set-up

Generally shorter bit life
Greater hole deviation
Higher drilling cost per meter
Require expert drillers
Require wider drill benches

Normally : 10 18 Degree
Requires Profiling Technique for fresh wall.

ADVANTAGES OF ANGLE DRILLING

POOR
FRAGMENTATION

USEFUL ENERGY

WASTED ENERGY

POOR FRAGMENTATION

CORRECT DRILLING

Potential For Flyrock

Potential For Boulder

IMPROPER DRILLING

HOLE DEVIATION ON MINING OPERATION

EXAMPLES OF EFFECTS OF
HOLE DEVIATIONS

MINING OPERATIONS
Drilling

Extra drilling, rods, bits, coupling, man-hours and delay.

Charging

Extra explosives, man-hours and delay.

Blasting

Build-ups, hang-ups, poor fragmentation, ore loss, hoh

dilution and pillar weakening.

Rock Support

Extra support, extra drilling for support and man-hour.

Mucking/Lashing,
Loading and
Transportation

Handling of unwanted rock material, accelerated wear of

loaders, conveyors etc., choking of ore passes, grizzley
work, chute boxes runaways and haulage spillage.

Crushing

Accelerated wear of crushers, extra crushing and delays.

Hoisting

Extra hoisting and delays

Extra grinding/milling and loss of metal

Mineral Dressing
Planned Operational

Extra Operational Costs

Total Costs

TIMING DESIGN / DELAY

PURPOSE

The blasts performance will be reduced if the explosive has too little or too
much delay time.
Reduce ground vibration.
Delay sequencing will not overcome improper blast design (confinement, energy
distribution large toe, etc.).

FRAGMENTATION REQUIRED

Optimum fragmentation in massive rock occurs when one hole is detonated per
delay and the the delay between holes in a row is 40 ms.
The delay between rows should be at least 2 to 3 times the delay between
holes in a row.

 MUCKPILE DISPLACEMENT
Short delay intervals (<25 ms) between holes in a row reduce fragmentation
but improve displacement.
Longer delay intervals (> 100 ms) are required between rows to maximize
displacement.
The type of excavator will often determine the degree of displacement
required which will dictate the delay interval between rows of blast holes.
WALL CONTROL
To short of delay intervals between holes in a row and between rows can cause excessive
over break.
If the delay between blast holes in the back row is less than 42 ms, the charges can act
together to damage the back wall.
Too short of delay interval between rows (<35 ms) can promote back break due to over
confinement.

TIMING DESIGN / DELAY (cont.)

BASIC TIMING DESIGN

Select the time between holes in a row based on one third to one half the
time between rows.
Delay intervals between holes in a row less than 3 ms per meter of
spacing are not recommended due to air blast and fragmentation
considerations.
Delay intervals between rows less than 6 ms per of burden can cause
stemming ejection, fly rock, and excessive back break.
Multiple row blast (> 4 rows) use longer intervals in back rows.
Bottom delay has generally the shortest delay and delay between decks in
the same hole should range 10 to 50 ms (For Deck Loading).

Range Of Delay Interv als Between Rows

General Consideration
Massive Structure
Blocky Structure
Highly Jointed Structure
W eak Seams, Slip Planes

W ater Filled Blastholes

Explosives Density > 1.3

Compact Muckpile
Loose Muckpile
Spread Out Muckpile

Improved Fragmentation
Limit Back Break
Control Flyrock
Minimize Airblast
Minimize Ground Vibration
0

12

15

18

21

24

27

30

33

Delay Interval (milliseconds per metre of burden)

36

Blast Timing and

Design Configuration
Fragmentation
Muckpile
Displacement

Site
Sensitivity

Cost

Optimum
Delay
Sequence

Simplicity

Wall
Control

Water
Conditions

Explosives
Used

Geology

Safety

Row by Row Pattern

Delay configuration (ms timing shown)

PI

100

100

100

Nominal firing times

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

54

145

245

100

100

45

136

236

100

36

127

227

100

27

118

218

100

18

109

209

100

100

200

63

154

254

163

263

Echelon Pattern

Delay configuration (ms timing shown)

PI

42
9

42
9

42
9

42
9

42
9

42
9

42
9
42
9
42

Nominal firing times

42

84

126

168

51

93

135

177

219

102

144

186

228

270

210

261

312

252

294

303

345

354

396

Zig Zag Pattern

Delay configuration (ms timing shown)

Nominal firing times

52

135

219

17

17

17

34
118

202

17

17

17

17

101

185

PI

17

17

17

84

168

42
42
42
42
42

42
126

210

17

17

17

59
143

227

17

17

17

76
160

244

17

17

17

92
177

261

Diamond Pattern

Delay configuration (ms timing shown)

25
42
25
42
25

Nominal firing times

167

100

219

142
75

202

42
25
42

117

50

185

42
25
42

92

25

168

42
25
42

PI

67

210

17

76
17

227

42
17
42

93

34

244

17
42
17
42
17

110
51

261

PT. TRUMIX BETON

QUARRY DIVISION
DRILL & BLAST SECTION

BLASTING PLAN - BENCH : 7

NONEL FIRING SYSTEM
scale 1 : 200

BENCH-6

BLASTING MACHINE

BENCH-7

ELECTRIC DETONATOR

Note :

Trunk Line Delay 17 ms - 6 meters

Trunk Line Delay 65 ms - 6 meters

Crest
Toe
Drill Holes

ITEM
PLAN ACTUAL
ITEMS
Diameter (inches)
4
4
Angle
Spacing
(meters)
5.3
5.3
Digable Volume
Burden
(meters)
4.2
4.2
ANFO
No of Holes
45
45
Pow ergel Magnum
Depth
(meters) see table see table Pow der Factor
Sub-drill
(meters)
1.5
1.5

(degree)
(BCMs)
(Kgs)
(Kgs)
(Kg/BCM)

PLAN ACTUAL
ITEMS
10
10 Inhole Delay No.7
15,526
15,526 Inhole Delay No.8
4,025
3,950 Trunk Line Delay 17 ms
45
80 Trunk Line Delay 65 ms
0.262
0.260 Electric Detonator

PLAN
30
15
15
29
2

ACTUAL
EVALUATION
30
Fragmentation : Good
15
Displacement : Good
15
Complaint
- Fly Rock
:29
- Ground Vibration : 2
: Other
: Back Break behind C1-C3
Date :
Approved by :