SOURCES OF ENERGY

CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD SOURCE OF FUEL / ENERGY

SHOULD HAVE A HIGH ENERGY OUTPUT PER UNIT MASS OR VOLUME SHOULD BE EASILY AVAILABLE SHOULD BE EASY TO STORE AND TRANSPORT SHOULD BE ECONOMICAL

SOURCES OF ENERGY

CONVENTIONAL

WOOD, FLOWING WATER AND FOSSIL FUELS (COAL, PETROLEUM, NATURAL GAS).

NONCONVENTIONAL

SOLAR ENERGY, WIND ENERGY, BIOMASS ENERGY, OCEAN ENERGY (TIDAL ENERGY, WAVE ENERGY, OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY), GEOTHERMAL ENERGY, NUCLEAR ENERGY.

TYPES OF ENERGY
RENEWABLE
SUN, WIND, FLOWING WATER, OCEAN, WOOD, BIOMASS ETC. NON RENEWABLE

NUCLEAR, COAL, PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS.

Conventional Sources Of Energy

Conventional Sources Of Energy

Fossil Fuel Thermal Power Plant Hydro Power Plant Biomass Energy Improvement in technology for using Conventional sources of energy Wind Energy

CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF ENERGY

FOSSIL FUELS

Formed inside the earth from the remains of plants and animals after millions of years. The fossil fuels are coal, petroleum and natural gas. Fossil fuels are non renewable sources of energy so they should be conserved and used judiciously.

CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF ENERGY

FOSSIL FUELS

ADVANTAGES
A major advantage of fossil fuels is their capacity to generate huge amounts of electricity in just a single location.

Fossil fuels are very easy to find.

When coal is used in power plants, they are very cost effective. Coal is also in abundant supply. Transporting oil and gas to the power stations can be made through the use of pipes making it an easy task. Power plants that utilize gas are very efficient.

CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF ENERGY

FOSSIL FUELS

DISADVANTAGES
Burning of fossil fuels release gases and harmful particles which causes air pollution. Burning of fossil fuels release acidic oxides of sulphur and nitrogen which causes acid rain which is harmful for living organisms, affects soil and water, causes damage to buildings, corrosion of metals etc. Burning of fossil fuels release a large amount of carbon dioxide gas which increases the temperature of the atmosphere and causes global warming (green house effect).

CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF ENERGY

THERMAL POWER PLANT

Also called as Steam Power Plant. In thermal power plants the heat energy produced by burning fossil fuels like coal, petroleum or natural gas is used to heat water and change it into steam which rotates the turbines of generators to produce electricity.

THERMAL POWER PLANT

CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF ENERGY

THERMAL POWER PLANT
ADVANTAGES
The fuel used is quite cheap. Less initial cost as compared to other generating plants. It can be installed at any place irrespective of the existence of coal. The coal can be transported to the site of the plant by rail or road. It requires less space as compared to Hydro power plants. Cost of generation is less than that of diesel power plants.

DISADVANTAGES
It pollutes the atmosphere due to production of large amount of smoke and fumes. It is costlier in running cost as compared to Hydro electric plants.

CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF ENERGY

HYDRO POWER PLANT

In hydro power plants water from rivers are stored by constructing dams. The water from the dam flows down through pipes and rotates the turbines of generators to produce electricity.

CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF ENERGY

HYDRO POWER PLANT ADVANTAGES Flowing water is a renewable source of energy. The electricity produced does not cause pollution. The water stored in dams can also be used to control floods and for irrigation. DISADVANTAGES The initial cost is high. Large areas of land gets submerged and the decomposition of vegetation produces methane gas which is a green house gas. It causes displacement of people from large areas of land.

CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF ENERGY

BIOMASS ENERGY
The waste materials and dead parts of living things are called biomass. Eg :- wood, animal dung, vegetable waste, agricultural waste, sewage etc. Biomass is decomposed by anaerobic microorganisms to produce biogas. Biogas is a mixture of gases containing methane, carbon dioxide, hydrogen and hydrogen sulphide.

BIOGAS PLANT
The biogas plant has a large underground tank made of bricks and cement. The lower part is the digester and the upper part has a dome with a gas outlet. On one side of the tank above the ground is a mixing tank and on the other side is an overflow tank. Animal dung is mixed with water in the mixing tank and the slurry is sent into the digester. In the digester the slurry is decomposed by anaerobic microorganisms and after a few days biogas is produced. The gas is taken out through the gas outlet and used for heating and lighting purposes. The slurry left behind is rich in nitrogen and phosphorus and is used as manure for crops.

FIXED DOME TYPE BIOGAS PLANT

CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF ENERGY

BIOMASS ENERGY
ADVANTAGES Its a renewable source of energy. Its a comparatively lesser pollution generating energy. Biomass energy helps in cleanliness in villages and cities.

It provides manure for the agriculture and gardens.

Biomass energy is relatively cheaper and reliable. Recycling of waste reduces pollution and spread of diseases.

Heat energy that one gets from biogas is 3.5 times the heat from burning wood.
Growing biomass crops use up carbon dioxide and produces oxygen.

CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF ENERGY

BIOMASS ENERGY
DISADVANTAGES Cost of construction of biogas plant is high, so only rich people can use it.

Continuous supply of biomass is required to generate biomass energy. Some people dont like to cook food on biogas produced from sewage waste.
Biogas plant requires space and produces dirty smell.

Due to improper construction many biogas plants are working inefficiently.

It is difficult to store biogas in cylinders.

Transportation of biogas through pipe over long distances is difficult.

Crops which are used to produce biomass energy are seasonal and are not available over whole year.

CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF ENERGY

WIND ENERGY

Wind energy is used in wind mills which converts the kinetic energy of the wind into mechanical or electrical energy. The kinetic energy of wind can be used to do mechanical work like lifting water from wells or grinding grains in flour mills. It can also be used to rotate the turbines of generators to produce electricity. A single wind mill produces only a small amount of electricity. So a large number of wind mills in a large area are coupled together to produce more electricity in wind energy farms.

WIND MILL

WIND ENERGY FARM

CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF ENERGY

WIND ENERGY
ADVANTAGES Its a renewable source of energy. Wind energy is friendly to the surrounding environment, as no fossil fuels are burnt to generate electricity from wind energy. Wind turbines take up less space than the average power station. Windmills only have to occupy a few square meters for the base, this allows the land around the turbine to be used for many purposes, for example agriculture. Newer technologies are making the extraction of wind energy much more efficient. The wind is free, and we are able to cash in on this free source of energy. Wind turbines are a great resource to generate energy in remote locations, such as mountain communities and remote countryside. Wind turbines can be a range of different sizes in order to support varying population levels.

CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF ENERGY

WIND ENERGY
DISADVANTAGES
Wind is not available at all times. A minimum wind speed of 15 km/h is required. It requires a large area of land.

Wind turbines generally produce allot less electricity than the average fossil fuelled power station.
Wind turbine construction can be very expensive and costly to surrounding wildlife during the build process. The noise pollution from commercial wind turbines is sometimes similar to a small jet engine.

Non Conventional Sources Of Energy

Non Conventional Sources Of Energy

Solar Energy Energy from the Sea
Tidal Energy Wave Energy Ocean Thermal Energy

Geothermal Energy Nuclear Energy

SOLAR ENERGY

Introduction
We've used the Sun for drying clothes and food for thousands of years, but only recently have we been able to use it for generating power. The Sun is 150 million kilometres away, and amazingly powerful. Just the tiny fraction of the Sun's energy that hits the Earth (around a hundredth of a millionth of a percent) is enough to meet all our power needs many times over.In fact, every minute, enough energy arrives at the Earth to meet our demands for a whole year - if only we could harness it properly

HOW IT WORKS

There are three main ways that we use the Sun's energy:(1) Solar Cells (really called "photovoltaic" or "photoelectric" cells) that convert light directly into electricity. In a sunny climate, you can get enough power to run a 100W light bulb from just one square metre of solar panel. This was originally developed in order to provide electricity for satellites, but these days many of us own calculators powered by solar cells

Solar water heating, where heat from the Sun is used to heat water in glass panels on your roof. This means you don't need to use so much gas or electricity to heat your water at home. Water is pumped through pipes in the panel. The pipes are painted black, so they get hot when the Sun shines on them. This helps out your central heating system, and cuts your fuel bills. However, in winters you must remember to drain the water out to stop the panels freezing. Solar heating is worthwhile in places where you get lots of sunshine.

Solar Furnaces use a huge array of mirrors to concentrate the Sun's energy into a small space and produce very high temperatures. There's one at Odellio, in France, used for scientific experiments. It can achieve temperatures up to 33,000 degrees Celsius.

ADVANTAGES

Solar energy is free - it needs no fuel and produces no waste or pollution.

In sunny countries, solar power can be used where there is no easy way to get electricity to a remote place.

Handy for low-power uses such as solar powered garden lights and battery chargers

Disadvantages

Doesn't work at night.

Very expensive to build solar power stations. Solar cells cost a great deal compared to the amount of electricity they'll produce in their lifetime. Can be unreliable unless you're in a very sunny climate.

ENERGY FROM THE SEA

TIDAL ENERGY
Introduction The tide moves a huge amount of water twice each day, and harnessing it could provide a great deal of energy.

Although the energy supply is

reliable and plentiful, converting it into useful electrical power is not easy.

Only around 20 sites in the

world have been identified as possible tidal power stations.

How it works
: Tidal Barrages These work rather like a
hydro-electric scheme, except that the dam is much bigger.A huge dam (called a "barrage") is built across a river estuary. When the tide goes in and out, the water flows through tunnels in the dam. The ebb and flow of the tides can be used to turn a turbine, or it can be used to push air through a pipe, which then turns a turbine. Large lock gates, like the ones used on canals, allow ships to pass.

Advantages
Once you've built it, tidal
power is free. It produces no greenhouse gases or other waste.

It needs no fuel.

It produces electricity reliably. Not expensive to maintain.

Tides are totally

predictable.

Offshore turbines and

vertical-axis turbines are not ruinously expensive to build and do not have a large environmental impact.

Disadvantages
A barrage across an estuary is very expensive to build,
and affects a very wide area.

The environment is changed for many miles upstream

and downstream.

There are few suitable sites for tidal barrages.

Only provides power for around 10 hours each day,

when the tide is actually moving in or out.

OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY

Water on the surface of the sea is heated up due to sun where as deep down it is cold.

This Temp difference is exploited to obtain energy in Ocean-thermal-energy conversion Plants.

WAVE ENERGY
Kinetic Energy possessed by
the waves near the shore can be trapped to run turbines and generate electricity.

The only requirement is that

the waves should be very large.

GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
Introduction The centre of the Earth is around 6000 degress Celsius - hot enough to melt rock. Even a few kilometres down, the temperature can be over 250 degrees Celsius. In general, the temperature rises one degree Celsius for every 36 metres you go down. In volcanic areas, molten rock can be very close to the surface. Geothermal energy has been used for thousands of years in some countries for cooking and heating. The name "geothermal" comes from two Greek words: "geo" means "Earth" and "thermal" means "heat".

How it works
Hot rocks underground heat water to produce steam. We drill holes down to the hot region, steam comes up, is purified and used to drive turbines, which drive electric generators. There may be natural "groundwater" in the hot rocks anyway, or we may need to drill more holes and pump water down to them. The first geothermal power station was built at Landrello, in Italy, and the second was at Wairekei in New Zealand. Others are in Iceland, Japan, the Philippines and the United States. In Iceland, geothermal heat is used to heat houses as well as for generating electricity.

Advantages And Disadvantages

Geothermal energy does not produce any pollution, and does not contribute to the greenhouse effect. The power stations do not take up much room, so there is not much impact on the environment. No fuel is needed. The big problem is that there are not many places where you can build a geothermal power station. You need hot rocks of a suitable type, at a depth where we can drill down to them. The type of rock above is also important, it must be of a type that we can easily drill through. Sometimes a geothermal site may "run out of steam", perhaps for decades. Hazardous gases and minerals may come up from underground, and can be difficult to safely dispose of.

Once you've built a geothermal power station, the energy is almost free. It may need a little energy to run a pump, but this can be taken from the energy being generated.

NUCLEAR ENERGY
Nuclear power is generated
using Uranium, which is a metal mined in various parts of the world. The first large-scale nuclear power station opened at Calder Hall in Cumbria, England, in 1956.

Some military ships and

submarines have nuclear power plants for engines.

HOW IT WORKS

 Nuclear power stations work in

pretty much the same way as fossil fuel-burning stations, except that a "chain reaction" inside a nuclear reactor makes the heat instead.

The reactor uses Uranium rods

as fuel, and the heat is generated by nuclear fission. Neutrons smash into the nucleus of the uranium atoms, which split roughly in half and release energy in the form of heat. through the reactor to take the heat away, and the hot gas then heats water to make steam. drive generators.

Carbon dioxide gas is pumped

The steam drives turbines which

Modern nuclear power stations

use the same type of turbines and generators as conventional power stations

ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES

Nuclear power costs about the
same as coal, so it's not expensive to make.

Although not much waste is

Does not produce smoke or

carbon dioxide, so it does not contribute to the greenhouse effect. energy from small amounts of fuel. waste.

produced, it is very, very dangerous. It must be sealed up and buried for many years to allow the radioactivity to die away.

Produces huge amounts of

Nuclear power is reliable, but a

Produces small amounts of

Nuclear power is reliable.

lot of money has to be spent on safety - if it does go wrong, a nuclear accident can be a major disaster. People are increasingly concerned about this - in the 1990's nuclear power was the fastest-growing source of power in much of the world. Now it's the second slowest-growing.

POWER STATIONS IN THE WORLD

Solar energy: Japan, France, USA, Canada, India Wind energy: Netherlands ,Gujarat and TamilNadu in India Geothermal Energy :Russia, Japan, Mexico. In India, Tattapani in Chattisgarh

THANKYOU