Lecture Notes 3: Biochemistry

Biology A Eaton Rapids High School K.Coppins

I. Basics of Chemistry

A. The Atom Smallest unit of any element 1. ______________________________ positive nucleus 2. Made of a __________________ surrounded by a cloud of negative electrons particles called ____________. 3. All elements are listed on the Periodic Table _____________.

I. Basics of Chemistry

A. The Atom 4. Elements in the body: Oxygen (65%) Carbon (18%) Hydrogen (10%) Nitrogen (3%) Calcium (1.5%) Phosphorus (1.0%) Potassium (0.35%) Sulfur (0.25%) Sodium (0.15%) Magnesium (0.05%)

Copper, Zinc, Selenium, Molybdenum, Fluorine, Chlorine, Iodine, Manganese, Cobalt, Iron (0.70%) Lithium, Strontium, Aluminum, Silicon, Lead, Vanadium, Arsenic, Bromine (trace amounts)
Reference: H. A. Harper, V. W. Rodwell, P. A. Mayes, Review of Physiological Chemistry, 16th ed., Lange Medical Publications, Los Altos, California 1977.

I. Basics of Chemistry

B. Molecules 1. When two or more atoms join molecule together, they form a ___________. chemical bonds 2. These are called _______________, and are based on interactions between electrons the _________. 3. If a bond joins different elements, compound the new substance is a __________.

I. Basics of Chemistry

C. Types of Bonds Ionic bonds 1. _____________ a. Electrons move from one atom to the other. b. Atoms become positively or negatively charged; called ____. ions c. Charges attract or repel. conducting electricity d. Good for __________________.

I. Basics of Chemistry

C. Types of Bonds Covalent bonds 2. _______________ a. Electrons are shared between two atoms. b. Atoms must remain together c. Bonds are flexible large structures d. Good for ________________.

I. Basics of Chemistry

C. Types of Bonds Hydrogen bonds 3. _______________ a. Hydrogen holds electrons weakly b. Has a slightly positive charge, attracted to anything negative. c. Creates weak bonds that help hold structures but can be broken easily. DNA, hair, water d. Examples: _________________

I. Basics of Chemistry

D. Molecules and Energy 1. Energy is stored in the bonds between atoms. Energy is required to make or break ______________ bonds. 2. The amount of energy varies with the type of bond. Some bonds (hydrogen) are easily broken while others (triple covalent) are very hard.

II. Water Chemistry

A. ________ is the most abundant Water chemical in the body. B. Water has many characteristics that make it vital to our bodies. Size 1. _____water is a very small molecule, so it moves fast and can squeeze into tiny crevasses between other molecules.

II. Water Chemistry

B. Water has many characteristics that make it vital to our bodies. Polarity 2. _________--Hydrogen has a slightly positive charge while oxygen has a slightly negative charge. This makes it easy for water to pry apart other charged molecules, dissolving them. Called a Universal Solvent __________________.

II. Water Chemistry

B. Water has many characteristics that make it vital to our bodies. Crystal structure 3. _______________--Due to polarity, water forms a crystal structure that is less dense than liquid water.

II. Water Chemistry

B. Water has many characteristics that make it vital to our bodies. Heat capacity 4. _____________--water absorbs and releases heat energy slowly, and can hold a great deal of heat energy. This helps organisms maintain their body temperature in the safe range.

II. Water Chemistry

B. Water has many characteristics that make it vital to our bodies. 5. __________________-Cohesion & Adhesion Polarity allows water to stick to itself (cohesion) and to any charged material (adhesion). Water can glue materials together.

II. Water Chemistry

B. Water has many characteristics that make it vital to our bodies. Buffer 6. _______--Water can act as either an acid or a base, maintaining a stable pH in our bodies.

III. Macromolecules

A. What are they? Very large molecules that make 1. __________________________________ most of the structure of the body _______________________________________
2.

Made of smaller pieces called monomers __________ that can be assembled like legos to form a variety of structures. A large chain of monomers is called a polymer _________.

III. Macromolecules

B. Carbohydrates monosaccharide (sugar) 1. Monomer: ____________________ polysaccharide (starch) 2. Polymer: _____________________ rings of carbon with 3. Structure:______________________ oxygen and hydrogen attached; CH2O ________________________________ energy, plant structure 4. Uses: ___________________ sucrose, cellullose 5. Examples: ________________

Examples of Carbohydrates

III. Macromolecules

C. Lipids fatty acid 1. Monomer: __________ lipid or fat 2. Polymer: ___________ 3 long chains of carbon 3. Structure:______________________ hydrogen on a glycerol molecule ________________________________ energy, structure, warmth 4. Uses: ________________________ fat, oil, cholesterol 5. Examples: ____________________

Examples of Lipids

III. Macromolecules

D. Protein amino acid (20) 1. Monomer: _______________ protein or polypeptide 2. Polymer: _____________________ central carbon atom with 3. Structure:______________________ ________________________________ hydrogen, amine, carboxyl, & R groups structure, emergency energy 4. Uses: ________________________ skin, insulin, enzymes 5. Examples: ____________________

Examples of Proteins

III. Macromolecules

E. Nucleic Acids nucleotide (5) 1. Monomer: _______________ nucleic acid 2. Polymer: ___________ 5-carbon sugar attached 3. Structure:______________________ to nitrogen base and phosphate group ________________________________ stores genetic code 4. Uses: ___________________ DNA and RNA 5. Examples: _______________

Examples of Nucleic Acids

IV. ATP
adenosine triphosphate A. ATP stands for _____________________ B. Cells use ATP as a __________________ rechargeable battery 3 C. Made of adenine with ___ phosphates D. Lots of energy is stored in the bond the second and third phosphates between _____________________________ E. When this bond is broken, tremendous energy is released. F. The pieces are then reassembled, storing more energy for another use.

Examples of ATP

V. Enzymes

A. Special proteins that speed chemical reactions 1. Chemical reactions require a certain activation energy _______________ to get started. 2. Enzymes decrease this energy, making reactions occur faster.

V. Enzymes

B. Lock-and-Key Model 1. Enzymes are not used up by the reaction, but each can only work on one enzyme specificity reaction (________________). 2. This is called the lock-and-key model key of enzymes. An enzyme is like a _____ which can open exactly one _____. If lock you want to unlock another reaction, you need a different enzyme.

V. Enzymes

V. Enzymes

C. Factors which affect enzymes Temperature 1. _____________--enzymes, like all proteins, change shape when exposed to heat or cold. Each has an optimal temperature range. pH 2. ____--all enzymes have an optimal range of pH. Example: stomach Concentration 3. _____________--having more enzymes makes the reaction faster.

Images used in this presentation were obtained from:

Atom: PowerPoint clipart Water molecule and Water attraction: stainsfile.info/StainsFile/jindex.html Bohr water molecule: ghs.gresham.k12.or.us Spoon on nose: statweb.calpoly.edu pH scale: bcn.boulder.co.us Glucose and Cellulose: www.greenspirit.org.uk Sucrose: encarta.msn.com

Images, continued

Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, cis and trans fat, and lipid molecule: biology.clc.uc.edu Generic Amino acid: ffden-2.phys.uaf.edu Peptide bond: www.rothamsted.bbsrc.ac.uk Nucleotide: faculty.uca.edu DNA helix: www.biologycorner.com ATP: textbookofbacteriology.net Activation energy: faculty.clintocc.suny.edu Enzyme lock-and-key: www.celltech.com