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Organic Chemistry
4 Types of Macromolecules
Carbohydrates: Sugars + Starches- Energy Lipids: Fats and Oils- Energy Storage, Cell Membranes, Protein: Hormones, Enzymes, Antibodies, Transport, Structural Components of Cells
Butter
Chicken Breast
Bread
Fish Filet
Pizza Grease
Corn Syrup
DNA
Lipids
Proteins
Carbon, Hydrogen, Amino Acids Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Sulfur Carbon, Hydrogen, Nucleotides Oxygen, Nitrogen and Phosphorus
TERMS
Organic Compound Monomer Polymer Dehydration Synthesis Hydrolysis
CARBOHYDRATES
THESE
ARE
MONOMERS OF CARBOHYDRATES
DISACCHARIDES
Glucose + Fructose
DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS
HYDROLYSIS
Polymerization
Macromolecules are built by linking together smaller molecules (monomers) into long chains (polymers) Monomers combine by disconnecting from some of the hydrogen and oxygen atoms between them After the monomers bond, the excess hydrogen and oxygen atoms form a water molecule. Since this bonding process releases water, we call it Dehydration Synthesis
POLYSACCHARIDES
LIPIDS
Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides
The monomer of carbohydrates is a single sugar with the chemical formula of C6H12O6 These simple sugars are called Monosaccharides All monosaccharides have the same chemical formula, but different shapes. Examples: Glucose Fructose Galactose
Carbohydrates: Disaccharides
Disaccharide = Double sugar. Theyre made by joining 2 monosaccharides Examples: Sucrose: Table Sugar Lactose: Milk Sugar Maltose: Grain Sugar
Carbohydrates: Polysaccharides
Polysaccharide = Many sugars This is a long chain of monosaccharides Examples: Starch: Grain Foods Cellulose: Plant fiber
Glucose Monomer
Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose
Lipids
Lipids are made of mostly carbon and hydrogen. Lipids are used in two ways: Storage of energy Insulate and Cushion Organs Lipids are composed of two units bonded together that form the shape of a capital E. Glycerol: The vertical backbone Fatty Acids: The horizontal chains
Types of Lipids
There are two types of Lipids: Saturated - when each carbon atom in the fatty acid chain is joined to another carbon by a single bond. The fatty acids are straight.
Unsaturated - if there is at least one carbon to carbon bond that is a double bond in a fatty acid chain. The fatty acids are bent.
glycerol molecule
Proteins
Proteins contain nitrogen as well as carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Proteins are extremely long polymers of molecules called amino acids. Proteins are used for muscles, act as hormones & enzymes, and do much of the work inside body cells
Denaturating Proteins
Milk protein separates into curds & whey when it is exposed to acids
Nucleic Acids
Nucleic acids are macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus. They are composed of long chains of nucleotides (monomer). Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary, or genetic, information. There are two types of nucleic acid:
DNA - deoxyribonucleic acid RNA - ribonucleic acid
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