The grouping of organisms into KINGDOMS is based on 3 factors:

1. Cell Type (prokyotic or eukaryotic) 2. Cell Number (unicellular or multicellular) 3. Feeding Type (autotroph or heterotroph)

1. Cell Type- The presence or absence of cellular structures such as the nucleus, mitochondria, or a cell wall

Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes

Prokaryotes Bacteria!
DO NOT HAVE:
An organized nucleus Structured organelles

Prokaryotes Typical Bacteria

Basic Structure DNA strands floating in
synthesis sites

cytoplasm/small rings called plasmids

Ribosomes- RNA/protein

Cytoplasm-water based Cell membrane & Wall

Eukaryotes
DO HAVE: Nucleus organized with a membrane other organelles

2nd criteria for Kingdom Divisions: Cell Number Unicellular- single celled organism protozoans, bacteria, some algae Multicellular- many celled organism cells start to specialize/differentiate

 Unicellular

Multicellular

3rd Criteria for Kingdom Divisions

Feeding Type - How the organisms get their food

Autotroph or Producer Make their own food Heterotroph or Consumer

Must eat other organisms to survive Includes decomposers those that eat dead matter!

There used to be only 5 kingdoms

1. Moneran 2. 3. 4. 5. Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia

This kingdom has now been divided into 2 archaebacteria & eubacteria

6 Kingdoms
Archaebacteria Prokaryotes Eubacteria Protista Fungi Eukaryotes Plantae Animalia

Kingdom

Cell Type

Cell #

Feeding Type

Cell Wall Yes Yes

Archaebacteria
Eubacteria Protista Fungi Plantae

Prokaryote
Prokaryote Eukaryote Eukaryote Eukaryote

Unicellular
Unicellular Most Unicellular both Multicellular

Autotroph
Both Both Heterotroph Autotroph

Yes & NO
Yes Yes NO

Animalia

Eukaryote

Multicellular

Heterotroph

Archaebacteria
Ancient bacteria Live in very harsh environments extremophiles

Eubacteria
It is the eubacteria that most people are talking about when they say bacteria, because they live in more neutral conditions.

Bacteria
Bacteria are unicellular prokaryotes

Bacterial Shapes
Bacteria come in 3 main shapes
Rod or Stick (bacilli) Sphere (cocci) Helical or spiral (borrelia)

Bacterial Locomotion
Some bacteria have flagella or cilia for movement Some secrete a slime layer and ooze over surfaces like slugs

Bacterial Nutrition
Some bacteria are autotrophs and can photosynthesize

Some bacteria are heterotrophs

Protists
Protists include many widely ranging microbes, including slime molds, protozoa and primitive algae. Odds & Ends Kingdom

Protista Kingdom
There are animal-like, fungus-like, and plant-like protists Some are beneficial Some protists can cause diseases in humans, such as:

Protists Locomotion
3 types of movement: Pseudopod (false foot) Flagella/cilia Contractile vacuoles

Protists Nutrition
Protists can be autotrophs or heterotrophs

Fungi Kingdom
The Kingdom Fungi includes some of the most important organisms. By breaking down dead organic material, they continue the cycle of nutrients through ecosystems.

 All fungi are eukaryotic They may be unicellular or multicellular All fungi have a cell wall

Fungi
Unicellular (yeast) Multicellular

Fungi
Fungi can be very helpful and delicious
Many antibacterial drugs are derived from fungi

Penicillin

Fungi
Fungi also causes a number of plant and animal diseases: Athlete's Foot

Fungi Locomotion
Fungi are stationary

They have root-like structures that they use for attachment

Fungi Nutrition
All fungi are heterotrophs - Saprophytes-get their nutrients
from dead organic matter -

Mutualists live symbiotically Parasites absorb from a host,

eventually killing the host

Plant Kingdom
All plants are multicellular, their cells having a cell wall, and they are autotrophs

 4 important plant groups are the:

Mosses (Bryophytes)
Non-vascular

Ferns (Pteridophytes)

Vascular
Conifers (Gymnosperms) Flowering Plants (Angiosperms)

 Nonvascular Plants - Mosses

the simplest of all land dwelling plants lack an internal means for water transportation do not produce seeds or flowers
fertilization depends on water medium to get the sperm to the egg.

lack a woody tissue necessary for support around their stems and so are usually relatively short

 Mosses

 Vascular Plants Internal transportation System Xylem water carrying tubes Phloem sugar carrying tissues enables plants to evolve into larger specimens.

Produce Seeds protects and nourishes an Embryo of the new plant

Gymnosperms
Conifers (pine cones)

Oldest vascular plants

Angiosperms - flowering plants

Animalia Kingdom
All animals are:
-Multicellular: cells lacking a cell wall -Heterotrophs -Capable of movement at some point in their lives.

2nd Criteria for Animal Classification Skeletal Characteristics

Invertebrates have a hard external skeleton made of chitin known as an exoskeleton Vertebrates have a hard internal skeleton made of bone or cartilage

 Kingdom
Phylum
Subphylum
Class Order Family Genus species

Major phylums of animals are

 Ecology the study of interactions between

organisms and organisms organisms and their environment

Factors that affect us: 1. Abiotic Factors Wind/Air currents

Light

Temperature Soil

 A Bio Abiotic Factors-

stands for non stands for living nonliving factors

2. Biotic Factors:

 Biotic- Living factors

What is the organization of Ecological Study? Organism Population Community Ecosystem

Levels of Organization
Individual- one organism (living) Ex a moose

 Population- groups of individuals that belong to the species and live in the same area. (living-living same species)
Ex many moose

 Community- groups of different populations (more than one population or different groups of species)
Ex many groups of moose beavers, trees, grass (all living)

 Ecosystem- all organisms in a particular area along with the nonliving. (living and nonliving) Ex many groups of moose beavers, trees, grass, rocks, water, mountains

 Biome- group of ecosystems that have the same climate and similar dominant communities
Biomes: tropical rain forest, tropical dry forest, tropical savannah, temperate grassland, desert, temperate woodland and shrubland, temperate forest, northwestern coniferous forest, boreal forest (taiga), tundra, mountains and ice caps

 Biosphere- all of the planet where life exhists, includes land, water, and, air
Life extends 8 km up and 11 km below the surface

IN AN ECOSYSTEM:
Organisms live in a Habitat

Organisms fit into a Niche of the environment

Habitat vs. Niche

Habitat- an area where an organism lives Niche- an organisms role in its environment
The Long Version full range of physical and biological conditions in which an organism lives and the way in which the organism uses those conditions. Includes where in the food chain it is, where an organism feeds

Habitat is like an address in an ecosystem and a niche is like an occupation in an ecosystem.

Autotrophs vs. Heterotrophs

ENERGY FLOW

Energy Flow (Trophic Levels) Producers- make Consumers- get their own food energy from consuming producers

Producers
Producers- capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use the energy to produce food. Producers are autotrophs- they make food from their environment

2 main types of autotrophs

One type gets energy from the sun-by photosynthesis Another type gets energy without light- by chemosynthesis

Consumers
Consumers are heterotrophs- get energy from other organisms

Types of Consumers
Herbivores- eat only plants Carnivores- eat animals Omnivores- eat both plants and animals Detritivores- eat dead matter (plants and animals)

Feeding Relationships
Energy flows through an ecosystem in one direction from:
1. the sun or inorganic compounds 2. To autotrophs (producers) 3. To heterotrophs (consumers) Decomposers get energy from decomposing dead organisms

Food Chain- a series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating or being eaten.

Food Web- A network of feeding relationships. (More realistic that a food chain)

Food Web

They can become very complex!

Trophic levels
Each step in a food chain or a food web is called a trophic level.
Producers are the first trophic level Consumers are the second, third, or higher trophic level

Each trophic level depends on the one below for energy

Energy Pyramid
Only part of the energy stored in one level can be passed to the nextmost energy is consumed for life processes (respiration, movement, etc., and heat is given off) Only 10% of the energy available within one trophic level is transferred to organisms in the next trophic level

Biomass Pyramid
Biomass- the total amount of living tissue within a given trophic level. A biomass pyramid represents the amount of potential food available for each trophic level in an ecosystem.

Energy Losses
Energy transfers are never 100 percent efficient Some energy is lost at each step Limits the number of trophic levels in an

ecosystem
Energy flow is a one way path! (not a cycle)

All Heat in the End

At each trophic level, the bulk of the energy received from the previous level is used in metabolism

This energy is released as heat energy and lost to the ecosystem

Eventually, all energy is released as

Two groups of flowering plants

Dicotyledons Cotyledons Two Monocot One

Leaf venation Root system

Netted

Parallel

Tap root system

Fibrous root system

A comparison of monocots and dicots

The flower is the defining reproductive adaptation of angiosperms

Flowers are made up of four types of modified leaves sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels. a. Stamens are the male reproductive organs that produce microspores. b. Carpels are female reproductive organs that produce megaspores.

The structure of a flower.

 Vascular

Plants: Grouped by characteristics

Fibrous and tap roots

Three main parts: roots, stems and leaves

Roots can be different sizes: Storage roots; beets, carrots, sweet potatoes and turnips
Roots have different functions: anchoring the plant, taking in water and minerals, and store food.

Nonvascular
Simple; most grow in moist places No vascular tissues.

Vascular Plants: Stems

Function of stems
Support, transport of water & food
Most stems grow upward Some stems grow sideward

Types of stems
Green Woody

Transport of materials
Xylem & phloem

Plants reproduce differently

Plants are classified by characteristics. Plants that make seeds Plants that do not make seeds Ferns Mosses

Flowering Plants

Conifers

a protective covering that surrounds the seed

makes seeds.

makes the plant's food. carries water and food to the rest of the plant.

anchor the plant in place and absorb water and other minerals from the soil.

 Most flowers have four parts

Sepal one of the leaflike parts that protects a flower bud and that is usually green Pistil part of a flower that makes the eggs that grow into seeds Stamen part of a flower that makes pollen

Flower parts

Pollen tiny grains that make seeds when combined with a flowers egg

How Do Flowers Make Seeds and Fruits? Great Plant EscapePlant parts

Ovary the bottom part of the pistil in which seeds form

Ovule - the inner part of an ovary that contains an egg embryo tiny part of a seed that can grow into a new plant

How Fertilization Occurs

When a pollen grain reaches a pistil, it grows a thin tube to the ovary. Sperm from the pollen grain combines with an egg, and a Fertilization seed forms. the
combination of sperm from a pollen grain with an egg to form a seed

How Pollination Occurs

Butterflies may carry pollen from the stamen of one flower to the pistil of the the same flower. Sometimes the butterfly may carry pollen from the stamen of one flower to the pistil of another flower of the same kind.

Pollination- the movement of pollen from a stamen to a pistil

Some flowering plants are

monoco t seed a seed that has one seed leaf and stored food outside the seed leaf dicot seed a seed that has two seed leaves that contain stored food