Seminar Presentation

(Course Code: 10M19EC391)

On

MAC LAYER ENHANCEMENT IN .N STANDARDS

Presented By:
SAROJ VERMA Roll No 112016 M.Tech (ECE)

Outline

Medium Access Control Standardization of Wireless Networks IEEE 802.11 Overview IEEE 802.11 Components IEEE 802.11Services Frame Types Frame Subtypes MAC Management Different type of 802.11 Standards

Literature survey Problem definition Future work References

Standardization of Wireless Networks [13]

Wireless networks are standardized by IEEE. Under 802 LAN MAN standards committee.

Application ISO OSI 7-layer model

Presentation Session Transport Network

Data Link Physical

IEEE 802 standards

Logical Link Control

Medium Access control (MAC) Physical (PHY)

Medium access control

The MAC sub layer provides addressing and channel access control mechanisms that make it possible for several terminals or network nodes to communicate within multiple access network. The MAC sub layer acts as an interface between the logical link control (LLC) sub layer and the network's physical layer.

Application of MAC layer [13]

To deliver services in wired networks To achieve high throughput To achieve highly reliable data delivery To achieve continuous network connection.

IEEE 802.11 Overview [13]

MAC sub layer MAC management protocols and services Physical (PHY) layers FHSS DSSS

Overview, 802.11 Architecture [13]

ESS
Existing Wired LAN STA STA

AP STA Infrastructure Network STA Ad Hoc Network BSS STA

AP

BSS

BSS

STA

STA BSS STA Ad Hoc Network

IEEE 802.11 Components [13]

Station BSS - Basic Service Set

IBSS : Infrastructure BSS

A set of infrastructure BSSs. Connection of APs Tracking of mobility AP communicates with another

ESS - Extended Service Set

DS Distribution System

Frequency Hopping and Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Techniques

Spread Spectrum used to avoid interference from licensed and other non-licensed users, and from noise. Frequency Hopping (FHSS): A wireless transmission in which the sender transmits at one carrier frequency for a short period of time then hops to another carrier frequency for the same amount of time ;hops again for the same amount of time and so on after N hops the cycle is repeated. Direct Sequence (DSSS): A spread spectrum technique that uses a "chip" to encode the signal to ensure more reliable delivery; the technology employed in IEEE 802.11 implementations.

IEEE 802.11Services [13]

Station services:

authentication, de-authentication, privacy,

Distribution Services :

association disassociation reassociation distribution Integration

IEEE 802.11 Medium Access Control [13]

The IEEE 802.11 MAC layer covers two functional areas:

Reliable data delivery: A wireless LAN using the IEEE 802.11
physical and MAC layers is subjected to considerable unreliability. Noise interference and other propagation effects result in the loss of a significant number of frames. Therefore the MAC frames may not successfully be received. To enhance reliability a four frame exchange may be used .In this scheme ,a source first issues a request to send frame to destination .The destination then responds with a clear to send . After receiving the CTS the source transmits the data frame and the destination responds with ACK.

MAC [13]

Retry Counters

Short retry counter Long retry counter Lifetime timer CSMA/CA Binary exponential back-off

Basic Access Mechanism

Timing Intervals: SIFS, PIFS, DIFS.

IEEE 802.11 MAC Frame Types [13]

Short Id for PS-Poll

FC 2

Duration Address Address Address Sequence Address D/I 1 2 3 Control 4 2 6

DATA 0-2312 4

FCS
bytes

Protocol Version Frame Type To DS and From DS More Fragments Retry Power Management More Data WEP Order

IEEE 48 bit address Individual/Group Universal/Local 46 bit address BSSID BSS Identifier TA - Transmitter RA - Receiver SA - Source DA - Destination

Sequence Number Fragment Number

CCIT CRC-32 Polynomial

Frame Subtypes [13]

CONTROL

DATA

MANAGEMENT

RTS CTS ACK PS-Poll CF-End & CF-End ACK

Data Data+CF-ACK Data+CF-Poll Data+CF-ACK+CFPoll Null Function CF-ACK (nodata) CF-Poll (nodata) CF-ACK+CF-Poll

Beacon Probe Request & Response Authentication Deauthentication Association Request & Response Reassociation Request & Response Disassociation Announcement Traffic Indication Message (ATIM)

MAC Management[13]

Interference by users that have no concept of data communication. Interference by other WLANs Security of data Mobility

Power Management

802.11 Standards [14]

802.11 standards were originally come in to being in 1997 and registered in 1999. It is transfer rate is 1 or 2 Mbp. Unfortunately, 802.11 only supported a maximum network bandwidth of 2 Mbps - too slow for most applications. For this reason, ordinary 802.11 wireless products are no longer

manufactured.

802.11b

802.11b also uses the media defined by 802.11 standards it was come in to view in 2000. It need 2.4 GHz band . There are lost of device operated by 2.4 GHz band in 802.11b such as Bluetooth, oven,cardlessphone and monitors. Pros of 802.11b - lowest cost; signal range is good and not easily obstructed. Cons of 802.11b - slowest maximum speed; home appliances may interfere on the unregulated frequency band.

802.11a

802.11a same as original 802.11 standards because It uses data link layer protocol and frame are same as used in 802.11 standards . It uses 5 GHz bandwidth for operation and 54 Mbp/s data range. It is very effective when we are performing more then one task at at time and or crowded time. This happen may occur in all solid objects due to small wavelength. Pros of 802.11a - fast maximum speed; regulated frequencies prevent signal interference from other devices Cons of 802.11a - highest cost; shorter range signal that is more easily obstructed

802.11g

802.11g was authorized in 2003 as a third modulation device with 2.4 GHz band . It provide maximum data rate with 54 Mbp/s. 802.11g also used to for restricted purposes to forward error and improvement codes. The manufacturing rate is also less as compared to others. Pros of 802.11g - fast maximum speed; signal range is good and not easily obstructed. Cons of 802.11g - costs more than 802.11b; appliances may interfere on the unregulated signal frequency.

802.11n

The recent amendment in 802.11 standards is 802.11 n. It has multiple new features and MIMO but it also based on 802.11 standards. Pros of 802.11n - fastest maximum speed and best signal range; more resistant to signal interference from outside sources. Cons of 802.11n - costs more than 802.11g; the use of multiple signals may greatly interfere with nearby 802.11b/g based networks.

Literature survey

In this paper, we propose and validate an analytical model for the saturation throughput of EDCF. Key to the accuracy of our model is a treatment of the post collision period, which has been ignored by all previous 802.11 models.[4] We describe similarities and differences between complementary-code-key (CCK) modulation and modulation that is derived from biorthogonal signals, and we present performance results and other information that may be useful to those who have applications for CCK modulation that do not require IEEE 802.11b compliance.[7] In this paper, we utilize the multiple spatial channels of MIMO technology to propose collision-mitigation enhancements to the IEEE 802.11e EDCF.[9] In this work we review the enhancements proposed in the last IEEE 802.11e draft (version 8.0).We analyze the performance of the IEEE 802.11e protocol on ad-hoc networks (multi-hop) in terms of throughput and end-to-end delay.[5]

In this article we present our standard-based solutions for enhancing the performance of the 802.11e ALC. The proposed solutions work with the contention and controlled access parts ofthe 802.11e.[6] In this propose a novel distributed frequency agile medium access control (MAC) extension to the IEEE 802.11s amendment for the next generation wireless meshnetworks (WMNs). The proposed scheme has complete backward compatibility with the legacy IEEE 802.11 and the emerging 802.11s.[12] This paper presents a study of performances on an automatic wireless robot using IEEE 802.11g standard and infrared sensors. The robot acts a personal computer (PC)controlling equipments (e.g. motors) through a printer port.[8] This paper proposes new MAC layer based backoff and retransmission strategies for throughput enhancement, in broadcast transmissions of inter vehicular communication.

Problem definition [P2]

Intra-Mesh Congestion Control for IEEE 802.11s Wireless Mesh Networks.

Future work

802.11c - operation of bridge connections (moved to 802.1D). 802.11d - worldwide compliance with regulations for use of wireless signal spectrum (2001). 802.11e - Quality of Service (QoS) support (not yet ratified). 802.11F - Inter-Access Point Protocol recommendation for communication between access points to support roaming clients (2003). 802.11g - 54 Mbps standard, 2.4 GHz signaling (2003). 802.11h - enhanced version of 802.11a to support European regulatory requirements (2003). 802.11m - maintenance of 802.11 family documentation 802.11n - 100+ Mbps standard improvements over 802.11g (in progress) 802.11p - Wireless Access for the Vehicular Environment 802.11r - fast roaming support via Basic Service Set transitions 802.11s - ESS mesh networking for access points

References
1. wow.eecs.berkeley.edu/ergen/docs/ 2. www.ecom-icom.hku. 3. www.nvcc.edu/home/phealy/WirelessNetworking. 4.J. W. Robinson, and T. S. Randhawa, Saturation Throughput Analysis of IEEE802.11e Enhanced Distributed Coordination Function IEEE JOURNAL ON SELECTED AREAS IN COMMUNICATIONS, VOL. 22, NO. 5, JUNE 2004. 5. C. T. Calafate, P.Manzoni, and M. P. Malumbres Assessing the effectiveness of IEEE 802.11e in multi-hop mobile network environments. 6.Y. P. Fallah and H. M. Alnuweiri Enhanced Controlled-Access and ContentionBased Algorithms for IEEE 802.11e Wireless LANs. 7. M. B. Pursley, Fellow, and T. C. Royster Properties and Performance of the IEEE 802.11b Complementary-Code-Key Signal Sets IEEE TRANS ON COMM., VOL. 57, NO. 2, FEB 2009. 8. A. Leelasantitham and P. Chaiprapa A Study of Performances on An Automatic IEEE 802.11g Wireless-Standard Robot Using Infrared Sensors.

9. A. Ashtaiwi, and H. Hassanein, MIMO-Based Collision Avoidance in IEEE 802.11e Networks IEEE TRANS ON VEHICULAR TECH, VOL. 59, NO. 3, MAR2010. 10. J.Alapati, B. Pandya, S. N. Merchant and U. B Desai Back-off and Retransmission Strategies for throughput enhancement of Broadcast transmissions in 802.11p. 11. N. Hajlaoui, I.Jabriy, M.Taiebz, M. Benjemaax A Frame Aggregation Scheduler for QoS-sensitive applications in IEEE 802.11n WLANs. 12. K. Ghaboosi, M. Latva-aho, Yang Xiao, A Distributed Multi-channel Cognitive MAC Protocol for IEEE 802.11s Wireless Mesh Networks. 13. W.Stallings Wireless Communication & Network Second Edition. 14.compnetworking.about.com/od/wireless/WiFi_Wireless_Networks_and_Technol ogy.htm