Methods to calculate Pseudo critical Properties- Pressure and temp.

There are many methods to calculate Z factor for natural gases.

Thomas et al.

Kays mixing rule.

Solve questions based on the above methods

Brown et al.

Group gathering System

Collected and brought to separation unit.

System Consists of:1. 2.

Section of pipes Fitting and Valves

Before a well can begin production, well must be tied to a regional gas transportation system through a gathering system pipeline. Effective planning for pipeline involves examining all aspects of construction(agriculture, forest , wet lands).

Well site facilities are designed to control pipeline pressures and separate the liquid water from natural gas. Removing of water from is important to accurately meter gas production from each well, and to meet dryness specifications of transportations pipelines.

Once construction is complete, all facilities and piping are thoroughly tested before production begins. At a later stage in the life cycle of well, a compression system may be added to compensate for decreasing reserve pressures. Compression is added b/w well and transfer station to increase gas pressures to the level of

IMPORTANT FACTORS FOR GAS GATHERING AND PROCESSING SYSTEMS

1.

Pressure Drop / Compressor Fuel - Increased gas density at higher pipeline operating pressures allows for more gas to travel through a given line size. Higher pressure drops directly contribute to increased compression fuel costs. Liquids in Pipelines - Produced gas generally enters the pipeline near its dew point. As a result, cooling of the gas through the gathering system can create liquids in the pipeline. These liquids can collect in low spots and increase the pressure drop through the pipeline. The value of the pipeline liquids may be significant. These liquids present challenges because they may not be stable at atmospheric pressure, but they need to be removed prior to a second stage of

Compressor Stations
Natural gas is highly pressurized as it travels through an interstate pipeline. To ensure that the natural gas flowing through any one pipeline remains pressurized, compression of this natural gas is required periodically along the pipe. This is accomplished by compressor stations, usually placed at 40 to 100 mile intervals along the pipeline. The natural gas enters the compressor station, where it is compressed by either a turbine,engine.

Metering Stations
In addition to compressing natural gas to reduce its volume and push it through the pipe, metering stations are placed periodically along interstate natural gas pipelines. These stations allow pipeline companies to monitor the natural gas in their pipes. Essentially, these metering stations measure the flow of gas along the pipeline, and allow pipeline companies to 'track' natural gas as it flows along the pipeline. These metering stations employ specialized meters to measure the natural gas as it flows through the pipeline, without impeding its movement.

Pipeline Inspection and Safety

In order to ensure the efficient and safe operation of the extensive network of natural gas pipelines, pipeline companies routinely inspect their pipelines for corrosion and defects. This is done through the use of sophisticated pieces of equipment known as smart pigs. Smart pigs are intelligent robotic devices that are propelled down pipelines to evaluate the interior of the pipe.

Smart pigs can test pipe thickness, and roundness, check for signs of corrosion, detect minute leaks, and any other defect along the interior of the pipeline that may either impede the flow of gas. Sending a smart pig down a pipeline is fittingly known as 'pigging' the pipeline.

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS Aerial Patrols - Planes are used to ensure no

construction activities are taking place too close to the route of the pipeline, particularly in residential areas. Unauthorized construction and digging is the primary threat to pipeline safety

Leak Detection - Natural gas detecting equipment is periodically used by pipeline personnel on the surface to check for leaks. This is especially important in areas where the natural gas is not odorized. Pipeline Markers - Signs on the surface above natural gas pipelines indicate the presence of underground pipelines to the public, to reduce the chance of any interference with the pipeline. Gas Sampling - Routine sampling of the natural gas in pipelines ensures its quality, and may also indicate corrosion of the interior of the pipeline, or the influx of contaminants. Preventative Maintenance - This involves the testing of valves and the removal of surface impediments to pipeline inspection.

The One Call Program - All 50 states have instituted what is known as a 'one call' program, which provides excavators, construction crews, and anyone interested in digging into the ground around a pipeline with a single phone number that may be called when any excavation activity is planned. This call alerts the pipeline company, which may flag the area, or even send representatives to monitor the digging. The national 3-digit number for one call is 811.

Types
1.

Radial

2.

Axial

Well center gathering system/Transfer section

Central Gathering

Axial gathering

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How many pounds of CO2 are put into the air for every gallon of gasoline an average car uses? This quote is from Forbes magazine on October 16, 1920. Who said it? Then came the gas man, and because I could not pay his bill promptly, he cut my gas. It made me so mad that I at once began to read up on gas technique and economics, and resolved I would try to see if electricity couldnt be made to replace gas. Although duct tape can be used to seal energy leaks in a home, what common household item should not be sealed by duct tape? The U.S. ranks third in the world in wind power capacity. What two countries are first and second? From what country does the U.S. import the most liquefied natural gas (LNG)? Which U.S. region has the highest average retail electricity rate and the lowest average carbon dioxide emissions rate? What percentage of electricity in the U.S. is generated by wind? Which fuel is used most for generating electricity in the world? Which of the following causes the most bird deaths? What year was the Federal Power Act passed?

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