GROUP

Prof. KHAGENDRA BULMIM,NEW DELHI

What is GROUP?
A group consists of two or more persons who interact with each other, consciously for the achievement of certain common objectives.

What is GROUP?
A group is two or more persons who are interacting with one another in such a manner that each person influences and is influenced by each other person.

 A group refers to a collection of two or more interacting individuals with a stable pattern of relationships between them ,who share common goals & who perceive themselves as being a group.

In short :group
Two or more person . Common objectives. Influenced by each other person. Perceive themselves as being a group.

Nature of Group
The members of the group interdependent and are aware that they are part of group.

People must interact with each other.

 People must be psychologically aware of one another. People must perceive themselves to be a group.

 A feeling of belongingness & Feeling of Security

Consent ,solving problems and helping others.

Effective communication

Why do people join Groups?

Security Status Self-esteem Affiliation Power Identity &recognition Goal accomplishment

Other REASONS FOR GROUP FORMATION

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. COMPANIONSHIP SENSE OF IDENTIFICATION SOURCE OF INFORMATION JOB SATISFACTION PROTECTION OF MEMBERS OUTLET FOR FRUSTATION PERPETUATION OF CULTURAL VALUES GENERATION OF NEW IDEAS

Identity Group
My State

My Generation

My Race/Ethnicity

My School

My Company

My Religion

My Team/Club
My Department

Characteristics of Groups
Norms:

standard of behavior that every member of the group is expected to follow. Conformity: behavior or actions that follow the norms. Cohesiveness: forming a united whole

What is group dynamics ?

Dynamics means a force from

organizational point of view.

The social process by which people interact face to face in small groups is called group dynamics.

Group dynamics is concerned with the interaction of individuals in a face to face relationship

Group Dynamic focus on teamwork where in small groups are constantly in contact with each other and share common ideas to accomplish the given tasks.

Group Dynamic

Types of groups:
Formal group Work group , task force , committee and quality of team. Decided by management Clear cut authority and responsibility relationships Informal group Developed (spontaneously) by social interaction Common interest , language ,taste , caste ,religion , background etc.

Other types of Group

1. Command Group : A group composed of the individuals who report directly to a given manger. 2. Task Group : People working together to complete a job task 3. Interest Group : People working together to attain a specific objective with which each is concerned. 4. Friendship Group : people brought together because they share one or more common characteristics.

Stages of Group Development

1. 2. 3. Forming : When members have begun to think of themselves as part of group. (uncertainty ). Storming: There will be a relatively clear hierarchy of leadership within the group. (intragroup conflict) Norming : When the group structure solidifies and the group has assimilated a common set of expectations of what defines correct member behaviour. (Close Relationship & Cohesiveness). Performing: Group energy has moved from getting to know and understand each other to performing the task at hand. (Fully Functional ). Adjourning: The final stage in group development for temporary groups ,characterized by concern with wrapping up activities rather than task performance.

4. 5.

Stages of Group Development

E X H I B I T 82

Determinants/properties of Group Behaviors -1

2 Group Member Resources 5 4 Group Processes

1
External Factors

Group Task

6 Performance & Satisfaction

3 Group Structure

1.External Factors :
Determinants/properties of Group Behaviors -2
Corporate Strategy Organizational structure Rules and Regulations Organizational Resources Staffing Policies Appraisal Reward System Organizational Culture Physical work Environment such as lay out , interior decoration , seating arrangement , temperature etc.

2.Group Member Resources Determinants/properties of Group Behaviors -3

Abilities of members ( Intellectual abilities & Task relevant Ability ) Personality Characteristics ( sociability , self reliance , and independence Vs Authoritarianism , dominance, and manipulation )

3.Group Structure :
Determinants/properties of Group Behaviors -4
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Leadership Goals Communication Role Relationship Group Norms Group Status Group Size Group Composition Group Cohesiveness

Role Relationship Role Set Role identity Role perception Role Incongruence Role Expectations Role Conflict

A set of expected behavior patterns attributed to someone occupying a given position in a social unit.

Group Structure - Norms

Norms Acceptable standards of behavior within a group that are shared by the groups members.

Classes of Norms:
Performance norms Appearance/Behavioural norms

Social arrangement norms

Allocation of resources norms

Conformity

Group Structure - Norms (contd)

Adjusting ones behavior to align with the norms of the group.

Group Structure - Norms (contd)

Deviant Workplace Behavior

Antisocial actions by organizational members that intentionally violate established norms and result in negative consequences for the organization, its members, or both.

Typology of Deviant Workplace Behavior

Category Examples

Production

Leaving early Intentionally working slowly Wasting resources

Sabotage Lying about hours worked Stealing from the organization Showing favoritism Gossiping and spreading rumors Blaming coworkers Sexual harassment Verbal abuse Stealing from coworkers

Property

Political

Personal Aggression

Group Structure - Status

Status

A socially defined position or rank given to groups or group members by others.

Group Norms

Status Equity

Group Member Status

Culture

Group Structure - Size

Social Loafing The tendency for individuals to expend less effort when working collectively than when working individually.
Performance

Other conclusions:
Odd number groups do better than even. Groups of 7 or 9 perform better overall than larger or smaller groups.

Group Size

Group Structure - Composition

Group Demography
The degree to which members of a group share a common demographic attribute, such as age, sex, race, educational level, or length of service in the organization, and the impact of this attribute on turnover. Cohorts Individuals who, as part of a group, hold a common attribute.

Group cohesiveness :
The degree of attachment of the members to their group. Factors Influencing Group Cohesiveness ( nature of the group , size of the group , location of the group , communication , Status of the group , outside pressures , Inter-dependency , Leadership of the group , Success , Management behaviour )

Determinants/properties of Group Behaviors -7

Relationship Between Group Cohesiveness, Performance Norms, and Productivity

E X H I B I T 86

Group cohesiveness

Group Structure - Cohesiveness

Cohesiveness

Degree to which group members are attracted to each other and are motivated to stay in the group.
Increasing group cohesiveness:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Make the group smaller. Encourage agreement with group goals. Increase time members spend together. Increase group status and admission difficultly. Stimulate competition with other groups. Give rewards to the group, not individuals. Physically isolate the group.

4.Group Process :
Group processes refers to the communication patterns used by members group decision processes , leader behaviour , power dynamics , conflict interactions Group processes are significant as they can create out puts greater than the sum of their inputs because of the effect of synergy. Group process refers to the understanding of the behavior of people in groups.

Determinants/properties of Group Behaviors -5

5.Group Tasks :
Determinants/properties of Group Behaviors -6

Group Tasks
Decision-making
Large groups facilitate the pooling information about complex tasks. of

Smaller groups are better suited to coordinating and facilitating the implementation of complex tasks. Simple, routine standardized tasks reduce the requirement that group processes be effective in order for the group to perform well.

Group Decision Making

Strengths
More complete information Increased diversity of views Higher quality of decisions (more accuracy) Increased acceptance of solutions

Weaknesses
More time consuming (slower) Increased pressure to conform Domination by one or a few members Ambiguous responsibility

Group Decision Making (contd)

Groupthink
Phenomenon in which the norm for consensus overrides the realistic appraisal of alternative course of action. Groupshift A change in decision risk between the groups decision and the individual decision that member within the group would make; can be either toward conservatism or greater risk.

Group Decision-Making Techniques

Interacting Groups Typical groups, in which the members interact with each other face-to-face. Nominal Group Technique A group decision-making method in which individual members meet face-to-face to pool their judgments in a systematic but independent fashion.

Brainstorming

Group Decision-Making Techniques

An idea-generation process that specifically encourages any and all alternatives, while withholding any criticism of those alternatives.

Electronic Meeting
A meeting in which members interact on computers, allowing for anonymity of comments and aggregation of votes.

Evaluating Group Effectiveness

TYPE OF GROUP Effectiveness Criteria Number and quality of ideas Social pressure Money costs Speed Interacting Low High Low Moderate Brainstorming Moderate Low Low Moderate Nominal High Moderate Low Moderate Electronic High Low High Moderate

Task orientation
Potential for interpersonal conflict Commitment to solution Development of group cohesiveness

Low
High High High

High
Low Not applicable High

High
Moderate Moderate Moderate

High
Low Moderate Low

E X H I B I T 88

Determinants/properties of Group Behaviors -1

2 Group Member Resources 5 4 Group Processes

1
External Factors

Group Task

6 Performance & Satisfaction

3 Group Structure

Importance of Groups to the Organization

Filling in gaps in managers abilities. Solving work problems Better Coordination Channel of communication Restraint on mangers. Better relations Norms of Behaviour Save time & energy Effective work & result oriented

Quality Circles
A quality circle is a small group of employees doing similar or related work who meet regularly to identify , analyze, and solve product-quality problems and to improve general operations . The Concept of QC emerged from quality control & quite popular in Japan .

 The Quality circles are relatively autonomous units (ideally about 10 workers), usually led by a supervisor or a senior worker and organized as work unit . The workers, who have a shared area of responsibility ,meet periodically to discuss, analyze and propose solutions to ongoing problems.

Objectives &benefits of QC
Overall improvement of quality of products manufactured by the enterprise. Improvement of production methods and productivity of the enterprise Development of the employees who take part in quality circles. Building high morale of employees by developing team-work in the organization.

Problems in Implementation of QC
Negative Attitudes Lack of Ability Lack of Management Commitment Non-Implementation of Suggestions

For the effective Implementation of QC

Commitment of top Management The Attitude of Managers and workers about quality circles should be modified through providing them necessary information about the positive aspects of QC. Sufficient training Useful suggestions of QC should be duly acknowledged and implemented by top management. Sufficient publicity through notice boards and company publications.

Questions-Answer Round
What is Group Command group Task Group Interest Group Formal Group Informal Group Social Identity Theory Stage of group development Forming Stage Storming Stage Norming Stage Performing Stage Adjourning Stage Role Role perception Role expectations Psychological contract

Questions-Answer Round 2
Role conflict Norms References group Conformity Social loafing Cohesiveness Group dynamic Group think Group shift Braining storming Quality Circle Electronic meeting

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