MSKII Students

Public Speaking Skills
What do we do in a conversation?
Organizing your thoughts logically
Tailoring your message to your audience Telling a story for maximum impact Adapting to listener feedback
Xavier Institute of Management & Entrepreneurship, Bangalore
Public Speaking
is more highly structured
requires more formal language requires a different method of delivery
Public Speaking
Is a way of making your ideas public - of sharing them with other people and of influencing them
What makes a presentation poor?

Little/no eye contact No engagement with the audience Mumbling by presenter Mannerism of presenter Reading from a paper Too fast, monotone
What makes a presentation poor?

Little/no structure Lack of clarity Too much information Bad visual aids
Why do we present?
Inform
Entertain Persuade
Presentation is persuasion
Inform
Want audience to feel that you know what you are talking about
Entertain
Want audience to like what you say
Persuade
Want audience to accept your ideas
Persuasion
Is making the audience members do something
Some mental or physical action
Factors in persuasion process

Attitudes The feelings you have toward people, things, ideas Values Guidelines for living your life Ego Involvement Importance one attaches to an issue
Credibility How believable you are

How to be persuasive?
Know when to use one-sided and twosided messages
When audience knows both the sides?
Know when to use inductive or deductive approach

In deductive you tell first what you want the audience to do, then give the reasons why More often a deductive approach is OK If you think the audience will be hostile, use inductive approach
Distinguish features from benefits
You sell benefits, not features
Provide a clear alternative

Simply arguing against something is not persuasive People like to decide
Threaten a third party
Remember what Ajit used to do! Threaten harm to a significant third party
Put listeners values into conflict

One of the values has to yield
Present new information

Tell them what you want
If you want their order, tell them
Anticipate counterarguments
And dispose them off in your talk
Start with points of agreements

When you start by showing your agreements you create a positive relationship
Use a variety of devices
Make threats, offer new information, put values in conflict
Suggest small, specific steps

Small change has a greater chance of success
Cut through complex arguments with a simple demonstration

Have a topper ready
The icing
Speak with credibility

A speakers credibility comes from an audience
Like the grade you get from your teacher
Key variables
Character (honest, fair, trustworthy) Competence Composure Likeability Moderate extroversion
Barriers to believability
Stereotype
Salesperson, lawyer, politician
Conflict of interest
Another interest attributable?
Blunders
Even one may do!
Flip-flops
Improving your credibility

Display your credentials Associate with high-credibility organizations Admit shortcomings Display similar values (asap) Remember: Actions speak louder than words
Obtain testimonials
Dress the part
Preparing to speak
What strikes your mind first?
10 worst fears (US survey)

1. Speaking before a group 2. Heights 3. Insects/bugs 4. Financial problems 5. Deep water 6. Sickness 7. Death 8. Flying 9. Loneliness 10.Dogs
The Book of Lists, David Wallechinsky
Frightening Situations
Greatest Fear
A party with strangers Giving a speech
% Naming
74 70
Asked personal questions in public Meeting a date's parents First day on a new job Victim of a practical joke Talking with someone in authority Job interview
65 59 59 56 53 46
So how to take care of fear and nervousness?

What are your tricks?
Stage fright
Is your friend
It makes your reflexes sharper It heightens your energy, adds a sparkle to your eye, and color to your cheeks You are more conscious of your posture and breathing
Nobody ever died due to it

Once you are up there, it usually goes
Symptoms of stage fright

Dry mouth Tight throat Sweaty hands Cold hands Shaky hands Nausea Shaky knees Trembling lips
Dealing with Nervousness

Prepare, Prepare, Prepare
Acquire Speaking Experience Think Positively Use the Power of Visualization Know that Most Nervousness is not Visible Don't Expect Perfection
Tips on Dealing with Nervousness

Make eye contact with members of your audience.
Concentrate on communicating with your audience rather than on worrying about your stage fright. Talk with people. Use visual aids.
Tips on Dealing with Nervousness

Be at your best physically and mentally. A good night's sleep will serve you better. Work especially hard on your introduction. Take a couple of slow, deep breaths before you start to speak. As you are waiting to speak, quietly tighten and relax your leg muscles, or squeeze your hands together and then release them.
Reducing stage fright

Visualization strategies that can be used anytime
Concentrate on how good you are
Pretend you are just chatting with a group of friends

Close your eyes and imagine the audience listening, laughing, and applauding Remember happy moments from the past Think of your love for and desire to help the audience

Strategies in advance of program
Get coaching on individual and group presentation skills
Join or start a club for extra practice

Get in shape

Strategies in advance of program
Organize Absolutely memorize your opening statement
Be extremely well prepared

Anticipate easy and hard questions Practice, practice, practice!

Strategies just before the program
Be in your room at least an hour early to triple check everything Notice and think about things around you Concentrate on things that are happening at the event Get into conversation with people near you

Yawn to relax your throat Draw sketches (of a new car you would like to have) Look at your notes Keep pictures of kids, or things you like with your notes Lean on a table, sit down, or shift your legs

Take a quick walk Take quick drinks of lukewarm water
Double check your A/V equipment

Dont drink alcohol or coffee Concentrate on your audience Listen to music Read a poem

Do exercises that tighten and release muscles
Shake hands and smile with people

Go somewhere private and warm up your voice, muscles, etc.
Use eye contact

Get to a mirror and check out how you look Breathe deeply, evenly, and slowly for several minutes Dont eat if you dont want to Never take tranquilizers or other such drugs

Strategies when the program begins
If legs are trembling, lean on lectern / table or shift legs or move
Try not to hold the microphone by hand in the first minute

Dont hold notes. Use 3x5 cards instead
Stress-busting exercises
Breathing
Stretching
Head rolls Arm lifts Jaw breakers
Self-massage
Moving around
Speech Communication Process
Speaker
personal credibility, knowledge of the subject, preparation of the speech, manner of speaking, sensitivity to the audience and the occasion
Message
intended message should be the message that is actually communicated accurate, clear, vivid, and appropriate
Channel
more often direct multiple channels may be there depending on the occasion
Individual Exercise
It is 3 pm on a Monday. You are busy writing draft of a report which you have to submit tomorrow morning. Your immediate supervisor asks you to type a 2-page memo for her asap. What will you do?
Write your name and your response in the sheet and pass it on to me.
Listener
frame of reference knowledge, experience, goals, values, and attitudes be audience-centered
Feedback
listeners leaning forward in their seats, applauding, laughing, having quizzical looks, shuffling their feet and gazing at the clock
Interference
external to the audienceoutside traffic, conversing in the hall, hot room internal to the audience--one of the listeners has a toothache
Situation
occasion, place, time of the day, facilities,
Creating a stronger presence
The first two minutes

Prepare audience for content of presentation
Clearly state purpose Relate topic to audience Personalize the information
Body language
Territory: how you use space; e.g., how

close you stand next to someone Face: your expressions, head tilt, nodding Figure: your demeanor, dress, physical appearance Focus: if, when, how long you make eye contact Time: how you use time; e.g., the pace of your speech, walk
Movement and appearance

Stand up and be counted
You instantly command authority and attention
People know it is time to listen
Stage positioning
Center stage is a powerful area if you are not blocking visuals
Movement and appearance

Make sure that your movement has a purpose
Dont wander around or take a step here and a step there When making an important point, move toward the audience
Impact of gestures
38% 7% 55%
Impact of gestures
55% of all communication is nonverbal
Smile. You can get more (s)mileage out of this simple facial gesture than anyone of the >250,000 of which you are capable of When you smile
You feel better
Others feel you as more friendly/likeable You make audience more receptive
Gestures should be
Appropriate to what you are saying
Appropriate for the audience Appropriate for the size of the audience and the space Matched with facial expression, tone of voice and statement Above the waist, so audience can see them
Gestures can be used to

Add emphasis
Illustrate Express emotion Help visualize ideas Create rapport with the audience
Be careful: gestures can also

Be distracting
Create confusion Make the speaker seem insincere and less capable Reveal a speakers nervousness
Posture
Stand up straight with your feet slightly apart and your arms ready to gesture
Lean slightly toward the audience Dont lean on the podium Dont stand with your hands on your hips Dont sway back and forth
Posture
Dont stand with your arms folded across your chest
Dont stand with your arms behind your back Dont stand in the fig leaf position
Dont bury your hands in your pockets
Tips on use of gestures

Create opportunities to use gestures
Vary your gestures Make gestures fit the space Make bold gestures Dont memorize gestures Dont make repetitive gestures
Why eye contact?

Gets their attention
Builds rapport Shows honesty Radiates confidence Provides Feedback
Eye contact
Look at individuals
Establish eye contact at the end of a thought Dont look out of the window Dont look at one spot Dont forget to look at back rows Dont let notes ruin your eye contact
Image
Dress conservatively Shine your shoes
Wear comfortable clothes

Dont have pens and markers peeking out of your shirt or jacket pocket Dont wear distracting jewelry Dont take a purse to the podium Dont keep bulky stuff in your pockets
Clothing
Dont wear uncomfortable clothes even if they look great
Be somewhere in the upper fringe of the limits for your industry, i.e., stand out, but not way out If you really want to impress, consider trademark clothing
Clothing
Double check and double sew all critical buttons and catches
Consider where your microphone and transmitter could be attached. You may want to buy clothing slightly large to decrease transmitter pack bulge
Clothing
Take just about everything out of your pockets to reduce the bulges
If you are much older than the audience, dress your most stylish outfit If you are much younger than the audience dress in your most conservative outfit
Delivery
Handheld microphones must stay with you when you turn your head
If you are at a lectern, you should know how far your lips need to be from the microphone
Joke telling
Just keep practicing
Delivery
The punch line
Pause before punch line Harder or with a different voice
Lean into the microphone

Pause after punch line Deliver it to one person; look at one whom you think is fun
Important tips
Dont signal your punch line
Never repeat a punch line Positively memorize your punch line Use the fewest words possible to get to the punch line
Delivery
To laugh or not
Sometimes yes and sometimes deadpan expression
Timing
In the humor itself In the placement of humor in the overall presentation
Delivery
Humor placement
Starting with a funny story You may want to postpone; dont be afraid to do the unexpected Relevant to audience and topic Find out time you have to talk Divide this time into equal segments (intensity curves)
Important tips
Give all the facts necessary for the joke to make sense
Never, never explain your joke Dont walk around too much when telling a joke or story
Practice! Practice! Practice!
Delivery
Types of pauses
Short, half to 2 secs, to separate thoughts
Spontaneity, planned unplanned pause, while pretending to search for a word

Long, more than 3 secs, commanding the audience to think
Bad habits
Jingling coins in pocket
Jingling bracelets or jewelry Playing with hair (normally done by women) Playing with objects (pointers, markers, etc.) Holding on to the lectern or table for dear life
Bad habits
Pacing back and forth
Rocking front-to-back or side-to-side Standing rigidly in one place Speaking with head down or bowed Staring Frowning
Bad habits
Clutching, scratching, picking items or body parts
Any repetitive gesture, word or phrase Empty words: you know, like, whatever, OK
Awkward, jerky movements
Bad habits
Locking hand together or twiddling thumbs
Tapping fingers Pushing up glasses Scratching the bald head
Planning presentation
Introducing you
Write yourself What to include
Background, your competency to talk on the subject
How long? (< 2 minutes) Extra copy Speak to the person introducing Have a Recovery Plan
Preparation
Know your objective
Will you inform, entertain, persuade?
Know your audience

What do they know, need to know? What is their motivation?
Know your subject

What are your major points? What is the best way to organize your information?
Prevention
Check the facility: visit the site if you can
Check the room setup/lighting/ sound: will you need help? Check your equipment: is everything working? Do you know how to use it?
Prevention
Check the materials: enough copies for everyone? Everything in order?
Allow plenty of time for setup: gives you ample room to handle the inevitable problems
Develop
Plan B: be ready for disaster
recovery
Organize your speech

Problem/solution
Chronological Physical location Cause and effect Extended metaphor
Comparing your theme with something
Theory/practice
Organizing
Write ideas on cards
Pile the cards into patterns Sequence the cards in each pile Sequence the pile of cards You could use Post-it notes to the same effect
How many points?

Decide on the need to know
Dont put too much info 7 down Prioritize and reorganize
Length of speech
Do not have to use full time
Better to be < than to be > Do not over-plan Be prepared to cut Do not cut the conclusion
Making speech more appealing

Have something for the head (logical)
Have something for the heart (emotional)
While presenting
Follow the structure
Get to the main point early Involve the audience Thank and wish them well
Structuring your presentation
Structure in parts
Greetings and introduction
Tell them what you are going to tell them Main content Tell them Summary and conclusion Tell them what you have told them ?
Acknowledgement
Why introduction?
Gain attention
Create rapport Show your credentials Provide reasons for listening Describe what you will talk about Create a desire
Perfect introduction
Addresses audience questions
Has greetings, acknowledgements Includes necessary background Is of right length Is catchy Is written out
Write it last
What not to do
Dont say, Before I begin
Dont get names wrong
Dont admit that you are not prepared

Dont admit that you have given identical speech n times Dont use offensive humor Dont ask about time
Great ways to begin

Quotations Rhetorical questions Jokes Stories or anecdotes Statistics Facts Historic events, Today Title of speech
Body
Problem/opportunity
Solution or recommendation with evidence Add activities, visual aids, stories, and examples
Body
Maintain interest level
Eye Rubbing, Cat nap, Sleep, Coma
Attention-gaining devices
Humor, Props Voice inflection Stage movement Showing visuals, Playing music Gesturing Using quotations, reading poetry
Body
Use humor how much?
Answer depends Why am I here? to inform, motivate, answer questions What is the nature of my subject? What is the nature of my audience? What about me? Am I adept?
Conclusions must
Summarize your speech
Provide a closure Give a feeling of completion Make a great final impression Give a feeling of excitement
Creating perfect conclusion

Make it sound like a conclusion
Cue the audience in advance Make it the right length Write it out Make the last words memorable Provide opportunity for questions
What not to do
Dont go overtime
Dont change your delivery Dont ramble Dont add new points at the end Dont say you forgot to mention Dont thank a lot
Wrapping it up in style
Refer back to the opening Use a quotation Ask a question Tell a story, Recite a short poem Tell them what to do Make a prediction Ask for a help Ask for a commitment
Influencing your audience
Know the audience

Find out as much as possible
Size: The larger the audience the more formal the presentation Demographics: The age, gender, and education of your audience should influence your language Heterogeneity: With diverse audience, make general appeals
Know the audience

Receptivity: The nature of your audience will determine how much motivation for listening you will need to supply Audience Behavior: How your audience acts
Audience Attitudes: Their expressions of approval or disapproval, likes and dislikes
Know the audience

Audience Beliefs: What your audience thinks is true or untrue
Audience Values: Your audiences judgments about right or wrong, good and bad Audience Culture: Religion, Race & Ethnicity, Interests, Societal Roles, Preconceptions about the presentation topic
Analyzing the audience

Why are they here?
What do they know? What do they need to know? What is in it for them?
Customizing to audience
What do they expect?
Highlight the benefits
Put them in the picture Make personal experiences universal Localize and customize remarks
Creating Rapport
Share
An unusual experience Your personal principles or beliefs Your avocations and hobbies
Dont whine about your problems Identify and address audience subgroups Focus on audience needs, not yours Identify influential members

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Public Speaking Skills

Xavier Institute of Management & Entrepreneurship, Bangalore

Xavier Institute of Management & Entrepreneurship, Bangalore

Xavier Institute of Management & Entrepreneurship, Bangalore

What makes a presentation poor?

Xavier Institute of Management & Entrepreneurship, Bangalore

What makes a presentation poor?

Xavier Institute of Management & Entrepreneurship, Bangalore

Xavier Institute of Management & Entrepreneurship, Bangalore

Xavier Institute of Management & Entrepreneurship, Bangalore

Factors in persuasion process

Credibility How believable you are

Know when to use inductive or deductive approach

Provide a clear alternative

Xavier Institute of Management & Entrepreneurship, Bangalore

Put listeners values into conflict

Present new information

Start with points of agreements

Suggest small, specific steps

Cut through complex arguments with a simple demonstration

Xavier Institute of Management & Entrepreneurship, Bangalore

Speak with credibility

Xavier Institute of Management & Entrepreneurship, Bangalore

Improving your credibility

10 worst fears (US survey)

The Book of Lists, David Wallechinsky

Xavier Institute of Management & Entrepreneurship, Bangalore

So how to take care of fear and nervousness?

Nobody ever died due to it

Symptoms of stage fright

Xavier Institute of Management & Entrepreneurship, Bangalore

Dealing with Nervousness

Tips on Dealing with Nervousness

Xavier Institute of Management & Entrepreneurship, Bangalore

Tips on Dealing with Nervousness

Reducing stage fright

Pretend you are just chatting with a group of friends

Reducing stage fright

Join or start a club for extra practice

Xavier Institute of Management & Entrepreneurship, Bangalore

Reducing stage fright

Be extremely well prepared

Xavier Institute of Management & Entrepreneurship, Bangalore

Reducing stage fright

Xavier Institute of Management & Entrepreneurship, Bangalore

Reducing stage fright

Xavier Institute of Management & Entrepreneurship, Bangalore

Reducing stage fright

Double check your A/V equipment

Reducing stage fright

Shake hands and smile with people

Use eye contact

Xavier Institute of Management & Entrepreneurship, Bangalore

Reducing stage fright

Xavier Institute of Management & Entrepreneurship, Bangalore

Reducing stage fright

Try not to hold the microphone by hand in the first minute

Xavier Institute of Management & Entrepreneurship, Bangalore

Speech Communication Process

Speech Communication Process

Speech Communication Process

Xavier Institute of Management & Entrepreneurship, Bangalore

Speech Communication Process