ISKRA KOLENDA, mag.

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A
H O

B
I P

C
J Q

D
K R

E
L S

F
M T

G
N U

24 consonants

(b) /bi:/ - be /bil/- bill bark (d) /di:p/ - deep /da:k/ - dark (f) /if/ - if /fi:l/- feel (g) /get/- get /ga :dn/ - garden

/ba:k/ -

/did/ - did /fil/ - fill

/leg/- leg

(h)

/hi:/ -he /bihaind/ - behind /hol/ - whole

(j) /ju:s/ - use /bju:ti:/ - beauty

/jet/ - yet

(k)

/ki:/ -key

/kk / - cock

/sku:l/ - school

(l) / lv / - love /hlo/ - hello

/fi:l/ - feel

(m)
/hmr/ - hammer

/maus/ - mouse

(n) /sn//fni:/ - funny sun

/nais/ - nice

(p)
/kpi/-copy /hpn/ - happen

/pen/ -pen

(r) /sri/ /rait/ - right sorry

/red/ - red

(s)
/dres/ - dress

/su:n/ -soon / sst:/ sister

() / : (r)/ - sure /stein/ - station

ship / ip/

(t)

/ti:/ - tea

/siti:/ - city

/bet(r):/ - better

(v)

/mu:v/-move /veri/ - very /hevi:/ - heavy

(w)
/wet/ - wet /kwi:n/ - queen (t) /trt/ -church netr:/ nature

/wn/ -one

/mt/-match (z)

/zon/ - zone

/roziz/ - roses

/bizi/ - busy

() /pler/-pleasure /vn / - vision

/gr/ - garage

(d)
/eid/ - age /sold(r):/ - soldier

/dd/ - judge

() /rig/ - ring / l / - long

/drik/ - drink

() /r/-other /wi / - with

this / is/ - ovo

()

thing // - stvar /r:/ - author / mn / - month

1. /i:/ tea /ti:/ 2. /i/ it /it/ 3. /e/ yes /jes/ 4. // lack /lk/ 5. / :/ all /:l/ 6. /u/ book /buk/ 7. /u:/ too /tu:/ 8. // bus /bs/ 9. /:/ car /k:/ 10. / :/ girl /g:l/

leave /li:v/ clinic /klinik/ ten /ten/ apple /pl/ horse /h:s/ full /ful/ hoof /hu:f/ cup /kp/ part /p:t/ bird /b:d/

11. / / on /n/ 12. // address /dres/

hot /ht/

 ei/
/ai/ /u/ /i/ /i/ /e/ /au/ /u/

late /leit/ right /rait/ ocean / un/ here /hi(r)/ soil /sil/ chair /te / cow /kau/ tour /tu/

cake /keik/ ice /ais/ hotel /hutel/ clear /kli(r)/ boy /bi/ rare /re r/ shout /aut/ your /jur/

 FORM
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WORDS

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Personal pronouns represent specific people or things. We use them depending on: number: singular (eg: I) or plural (eg: we) person: 1st person (eg: I), 2nd person (eg: you) or 3rd person (eg: he) gender: male (eg: he), female (eg: she) or neuter (eg: it) case: subject (eg: we) or object (eg: us)

personal pronouns

number

person
1st 2nd

gender

subject

object
me you him her it

male/female I male/female you male he she it

singular 3rd

female neuter

1st
plural 2nd 3rd

male/female we
male/female you male/female they /neuter

us
you them

When we are talking about a single thing, we

almost always use it. However, there are a few exceptions. We may sometimes refer to an animal as he/him or she/her, especially if the animal is domesticated or a pet. Ships

(and some other vessels or vehicles) as well

as some countries are often treated as female and referred to as she/her.

 My

first car was a Mini and I treated her like a lady.

Thailand

opens her border with Cambodia.

 Present

simple of the verb TO BE

We are You are They are

I am You are He/she/it is

 Which

are the basic elements, components of a sentence?

 Noun

A noun is a person, place, or thing. For example, a writer, library, and novel are all nouns.
Verb

A verb is a word that identifies what a particular subject is or does. It is a descriptive word. Some examples of verbs include run, sing, and plays.

Adjectives modify nouns (It is a hot day.) Adverb (prilozi) Much like an adjective, an adverb also tells us more about a word. This time, the rule applies to verbs. An example of an adverb in action can be found the sentence I type fast. Fast is the adverb in the sentence as it modifies the verb, type. Forms of an Adverb: Many adverbs, especially adverbs of manner, are formed from adjectives by the addition of the ending -ly (easily, dependably). But many common adverbs (just, still, almost, not) do not end in -ly, and not all words that end in -ly (friendly, neighborly) are adverbs.

 Pronoun

Pronouns are simply short words that replace a noun. Each, some, themselves, you, she, are all examples of pronouns. Preposition (Prijedlozi) The preposition generally precedes a noun or pronoun. It is used to express a relation to another element or word. Before is the preposition in the following sentence: He arrived after breakfast.

 Conjunctions

are used to join two parts of a sentence. Common conjunctions include and, or, nor, for, but, since, unless, and although. To be or not to be? Interjection (uzvici) Interjections are also small words. They are essentially short exclamations such as Hi!, Ah!, Um or Ugh! as in Schoolwork Ugh!.

 The

subject of a sentence is the person, place, thing, or idea that is doing or being something. The subject is the doer of the action (vritelj radnje). The following word types can function as a subject in a sentence: Noun Mary loves Peter. Pronoun- She is tall. Noun phrase The dirty, large bathroom is busy.

As already said a verb is a word that shows action (runs, hits, slides) or state of being (is, are, was, were, am, and so on). In english language we have regular and irregular verbs. auxiliary verbs (to be, to do, to have), will, shall. Action verbs express action, something that a person, animal, force of nature, or thing can do. As a result, words like these are called action verbs. There are also transitive (prijelazni) (requires a direct object)-k ick, want, paint, write, eat, clean and intransitive verb (cannot have a direct object) - . arrive, go, lie, sneeze, sit, die. Lara sings, dances, sleeps every day.

Linking verbs do not express action. Instead, they connect the subject of the verb to additional information about the subject. Look at the examples below: Maja is a student. True linking verbs are be, become and seem. Then you have a list of verbs with multiple personalities: appear, feel, grow, look, prove, remain, smell, sound, taste, and turn. Sometimes these verbs are linking verbs; sometimes they are action verbs. How do you know when they are action verbs and when linking verbs?

 If

you can substitute am, is, or are and the sentence still sounds logical, you have a linking verb on your hands. If, after the substitution, the sentence makes no sense, you are dealing with an action verb instead. Here are some examples: Damir tasted the spicy meal. Damir is the meal? No. Taste is here an action verb. The spicy meal tasted good. The meal is good? Yes. Taste is here a linking verb.

 DIRECT

OBJECT A direct object will follow a transitive verb [a type of action verb]. Direct objects can be nouns, pronouns, phrases, or clauses.
Pattern: Subject+verb+

who? or what?

 Direct

objects can also follow verbals infinitives, gerunds, and participles. Use this abbreviated version of the formula: verbal + what? or who? = direct object Washing her hair is Maja's favourite part of the day.

 The

indirect object is often used right before a direct object, it can be discovered by asking TO WHOM or FOR WHOM after the verb. Maja gives an apple to Damir. Maja subject Gives- verb An apple direct object (WHAT?) To Damir indirect object (TO WHOME) We will make the man an offer. The captain tells the people a story.

 An

adverb is a part of speech that describes or modifies a verb, an adjective, another adverb, clause, or sentence.
answer the questions "How?", "When?", "Where?", "Why?", "In what way?", "How much?", "How often?", "Under what condition", "To what degree?"

Adverbs

 Adverbs

can be placed anywhere in a sentence. PATTERN:

S + V + DO + AM + AP + AT
My friend played chess well in Sarajevo yesterday.

 Considering

adverbs of time we have definite and indefinite adverbs: Definite adverbs: now then today tomorrow tonight yesterday

indefinite adverbs: always constantly ever frequently generally never Indefinite adverbs of time are placed between the subject and verb, or the auxilliary verb and main verb, He alwasy listens to music. He has never been late.

 Definite

adverbs can be placed: At the front (prior to the subject) Today we will study adverbs. Lately, I have had lots of phone calls.
At the center of the sentence (between the subject and the verb) He seldom goes to movies. hardly noticed her. At the end of the sentence I learn English slowly.

 negative
to

sentences:

make a negative sentence we use verb do or does + not, so we have do not or dont and does not or doesnt. Doesnt is used only in the third person singular.
Mark

doesnt ride a bike. -- this is a negative sentence, but positive sentence is: Mark rides a bike.

 In

questions we also use the verb to do. It takes the place of the subject:
Mike ride a bike?

Does

 Write

down three sentences using subject personal pronouns!

Write

down three sentences using object personal pronouns!

 FORM

SENTENCES USING THE WORDS BELOW! buy / milk / he / wants to feed / you / my / cat / can sister / has / my / got / a dog must / the book / read / you give / the present / tomorrow / we / him / will must / at five o'clock / leave / we / the house

 the

library / take / I / the book / will / today / to my mum / breakfast / in the morning / makes

 We

play football. It is boring. She cleans her room. You ride your bike every weekend. Sandy takes nice photos. They open the windows. He buys a new CD. I am late. She has a cat. -

 MAKE

QUESTIONS FROM THE PREVIOUS SENTENCES.