Group presentation Subject: Caribbean Studies Lecturer: Ms.

Cummings

What is a volcano?
volcano is an opening, or rupture, in a planet's surface or crust, which allows hot magma, volcanic ash and gases to escape from below the surface.
There are three main types of volcanoes: Active volcano-This is a volcano which have erupted In recent times and has the potential to undergo eruption again. Dormant volcano-These are volcanoes that are not currently active, but could become restless or erupt again. Extinct volcano-These are volcanoes that have not erupted over hundreds of years and is not expected to erupt again.

How are volcanoes formed?

The theory of plate tectonics is a major factor which influence the formation of volcanoes. The theory states that the Earth`s tectonic plates are drifting from place to place breaking apart, colliding, and grinding against each other. Volcanoes however only appears at plate margins where breaking apart occurs (divergent) and colliding (convergent).

PLATE MARGINS WHERE VOLCANIC ACTIVITIES OCCUR.

Convergent boundary

As the two plates collide one of the plates submerge below the next. The submerged area of the plate is exposed to the high temperatures and pressure in the mantle (which is molten) which causes the crust to melt. The molten magma then returns to the Earth`s surface when it is pressurized by the mantle and the outer core.

PLATE BOUNDARIES CONTINUED

Divergent Boundary

As the plates move away from each other there is a thin area formed between the intermediate plates. This area is where the magma in mantle pushes on and thus cause the area to loosen and form volcanic cones which will later form active volcanoes.

STRUCTURE OF A VOLCANO

A composite volcano is the most common type of volcano. This image shows the common features which occurs in a typical composite volcano.

DIFFERENT KINDS OF VOLCANOES

There are four kinds of volcanoes
Cinder Cones Cinder cones are circular or oval cones made up of small fragments of lava from a single vent that have been blown into the air, cooled and fallen around the vent. Composite volcanoes are steep-sided volcanoes composed of many layers of volcanic rocks, usually made from high-viscosity lava, ash and rock debris. Shield volcanoes are volcanoes shaped like a bowl or shield in the middle with long gentle slopes made by basaltic lava flows. Basalt lava flows from these volcanoes are called flood basalts.

Composite Volcanoes

Shield Volcanoes

Lava Volcanoes

Lava domes are formed when erupting lava is too thick to flow and makes a steep-sided mound as the lava piles up near the volcanic vent.

TERMS ASSOCIATED WITH VOLACNOES

PYROCLASTIC FLOW- A pyroclastic flow is a fluidized mixture of solid to semi-solid fragments and hot, expanding gases that flows down the sides of a volcano. These features are heavier-than-air emulsions that move much like a snow avalanche, except that they are fiercely hot, contain toxic gases, and move at phenomenal, hurricane-force speeds. They are the most deadly of all volcanic phenomena. LAHAR-A lahar is a type of mudflow or debris flow composed of pyroclastic material, rocky debris, and water. The material flows down from a volcano, typically along a river valley. It is very dangerous because it's consistency and the way it acts is very much like cement. It is liquid when it's moving, but when it stops, it solidifies. PUMICE-Pumice is a light, porous volcanic rock that forms during explosive eruptions. It resembles a sponge because it consists of a network of gas bubbles frozen amidst fragile volcanic glass and minerals. All types of magma (basalt, andesite, dacite, and rhyolite) will form pumice.

EFFECTS OF VOLCANOES ON THE ENVIRONMENT

Volcanoes causes many devastating effects on the environment and it`s population(including humans and animals). Different compositions of the volcano causes different effects. Lava flow causes destruction to everything in it`s path. The hot liquid scorch and burn anything close to it. The ash from the volcano affects a larger area of the environment than all the other compositions of the volcano. The ash can be carried by the wind because it is composed of gases of low densities. The ash causes damage to: water sources, livestock, crops, humans, and also birds. Acid rain is formed when rainfall interacting with volcanic gases within the ash plume may produced acids which fall as acid rain. Continued degassing at the vent may lead to ongoing acid rain even after ash fall ceases (volcano stops erupting).

HOW VOLCANOES AFFECT SOIL FERTILITY?

SAFETY TIPS ABOUT VOCANOES

PLAN FOR A VOLCANO: First of all, have a disaster plan and know whether or not you are at risk for danger. Be prepared for mudslides, flash floods, earthquakes, ash falling, acid rain and tsunamis. Don't forget, know all of your evacuation routes.
DURING A VOLCANO: Follow the evacuation routes. Avoid areas which slope from the origin of the volcano. If your caught indoors, close all windows and doors, bring animals inside. If youre trapped outdoors, seek shelter indoors. If youre caught in falling rocks, roll into a ball and protect your head. If youre caught near a stream, be aware of mudflows and move to higher ground. Protect yourself when ash falls by wearing long-sleeved shirts and long pants. Use goggles to protect your eyes. Wear a dust mask.

AFTER A VOLCANO: Cover your mouth and nose. Volcanic ash can irritate your respiratory system. Wear goggles and protect your eyes. Keep your skin covered. Clear roofs of ash, because the ash is very heavy and can cause the building to collapse.

END OF PRESENTATION

DONE BY: AUDEL HOWARD