Communication

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What is communication?

Communication is defined as the process by which people seek to share meaning via the transmission of symbolic messages.

3 essential points in defining communication

That communication involves people, and that understanding communication therefore involves trying to understand how people relate to each other; That communication involves shared meaning, which suggests that in order for people to communicate, they must agree on the definitions of the terms they are using; and That communication involves symbolsgestures, sounds, letters, numbers, and words can only represent or approximate the ideas that they are meant to communicate.

Functions of Communication
Phatic Communication the most casual, used for sociability Prevention Communication prevents further communication through uninterested responses Recording-Transmitting Functionsreflects that process of transmitting some information received by another

 Instrumental Communication this is when we say something and something happens Affective Communication - the message is the emotional feeling of the speaker towards a listener Catharsis when you are angry or disturbed or hurt, you give expression to your feelings Magic superstitions, curses, wishful thinking Ritual the behavioral part of a mythology, must be performed with others

 Metacommunication cues that indicate to the persons how the spoken words are to be interpreted On Saying What You Mean, and Meaning What You Say honesty of expressions, directness, and no beating around the bush.

Characteristics of communication
Communication is dynamic. The elements act individually, but also interact with each other. Communication is continuous. There is spontaneity in the process. There is no beginning and no end to communication. Communication is a complex process. This is because transfer of ideas from one person to another is a complex thing.

 Communication is irreversible. There is no turning back in communication. You cant rewind communication. Communication is nonsequential. The elements in communication arent necessarily in any particular order. Communication is unrepeatable. We cant recreate an act of communication because the participants changed and they cant repeat the process.

Shannons Model of Communication

Group Exercise
On sheet of paper, provide the components of the following communication contexts: 1) Mathematics Class Lecture 2) Adviser-Student Consultation 3) Friend-to-Friend Cell Phone Conversation

Context: _______________________________________
Information Source: Message: Transmitter: Signal: Possible Noise (External and Internal): Receiver: Destination:

Levels of Communication
To understand the various types of communication, it is helpful to consider various factors. The distinguishing characteristics include the ff:

Number of communicators Physical proximity of communicators relation to each other Immediacy of exchange Number of sensory channels The context of the communication

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Intrapersonal Communication
Intrapersonal communication takes place within a single person, often for the purpose of clarifying ideas or analyzing a situation. It may involve different levels of communication activity such as:
Internal discourse involves thinking, concentration and analysis Solo vocal communication includes speaking aloud to oneself Solo written communication deals with writing not intended for others (e.g. diary)

Interpersonal Communication
Interpersonal communication is defined by communication scholars in numerous ways, though most definitions involve participants who are interdependent on one another, have a shared history. Communication channels are the medium chosen to convey the message from sender to receiver.

Types of Interpersonal Communication

Direct Interpersonal Communication - involves a direct face-to-face relationship between the sender and receiver of a message, who are in an interdependent relationship - is characterized by a strong feedback component because of its immediacy and primacy

Types of Interpersonal Communication

Indirect/ Mediated Interpersonal Communication - involves technology that assists or links the sender and receiver of messages - may involve immediacy (live stream, real time chat) and delay (e-mail, personal messages) - Has several limitations, including the ability of telephone or Internet users to mask or disguise the source of the message, or the susceptibility of machines to various mechanical or technological noise sources.

Group Communication
Much communication takes place in the context of small groups, which are defined as those of three or more participants. Group communication refers to the nature of communication that occurs in groups that are between 3 and 12 individuals. Small group communication generally takes place in a context that mixes interpersonal communication interactions with social clustering.

Psychologists and communication scholars have observed a pattern of group development, usually presented in a four-fold model.
Orientation phase Conflict phase Norm Emergence Closure phase

Mass Communication
Mass communication is a more public form of communication between an entity and a large and diverse audience, mediated by some form of technology. This may be either real time or on a taped-delay basis, or it may be rooted in the usually recent past.

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