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12/11/12
Subject Department
Topic
: :
Source of energy
Sun
Fig.1
Absorbed
Total atmospheric absorption 17 %
Scattered/Reflected
Total scattering/reflection 30% (albedo)
Clouds
Clouds
Clouds
Direct radiation
31%
22%
Diffuse radiation
Earths surface
Wednesday, December 19, Fig. 2 Energy interactions in the atmosphere 2012 3
Fig.3
Electromagnetic spectrum between 0-22um is useless for remote sensing Only Wavelength regions out side the main absorption bands of the atmospheric gases are useful for remote & these regions are called atmospheric transmission windows
Fig.5
Fig.6
Wavelength
Near IR
Thermal IR
Radar
Far IR
Frequency(Hz)
AM
Atmospheric Scattering
Amount of scattering depends on following factors: wavelength of the radiation the amount of particles & gases radiation distance
Types of scattering
Rayleigh scattering (Particle size < wavelength) Mie scattering
( Particle size = wavelength) (Particle size > wavelength)
Non-selective scattering
Energy interactions: When electro-magnetic energy is incident on any given earth surface feature, three fundamental energy interactions with the features are possible:1.Reflection , 2.Absorption , 3.Transmission
Fig.7
10
Fig.8
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Fig.9
Fig.10
Wednesday, December 19, 2012 12
Sun
The density of radiation incident on a given surface usually expressed in watts per square centimeter or square meter.
Wednesday, December 19, 2012
13
2012
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The reflectance characteristics of vegetation depends upon the properties of leaves(orientation & structure of the leaf canopy)
The proportion of the radiation reflected in the different parts of the spectrum depends upon:
leaf pigmentation leaf thickness & composition(cell structure) amount of water in the leaf tissues
Wednesday, December 19, 2012
15
Leaf Cross-Section
Fig.13
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Reflection: reflected light is what we know as color; i.e. chlorophyll in plants reflects green light
Fig.11
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Fig.12
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Normal Color
Fig.14a
Fig.14b
Wednesday, December 19, 2012 19
Soil
Main factors influencing the reflectance of soil are:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. soil colour moisture content presence of carbonates Particle size distribution Organic matter content iron oxide content
7.
8.
Soil structure
Soil mineralogy
Wednesday, December 19, 2012
20
SMC
Fig 15: Variation in the spectral reflectance characteristics of soil according to moisture content. Wednesday, December 19,
2012 21
Fig 16: Variation in the spectral reflectance characteristics Wednesday, December 19, to particle size of soil according
2012 22
Fig 17: Variation in the spectral reflectance characteristics of Wednesday, December 19, soil texture. soil according to
2012 23
Water
Compared to vegetation & soils, water has the low reflectance.
There are three types of possible reflectance from a water body a) Surface (specular) reflectance b) Bottom reflectance c) Volume reflectance
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Fig.19 Variation in the spectral reflectance characteristics of turbid water according to the content of suspended solids
Wednesday, December 19, 2012 26
Fig 20: Spectral reflectance characteristics of clouds and snow. Snow shows variation in spectral reflectance according to the size of crystals.
Wednesday, December 19, 2012 27
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References:
Principles of Remote sensing by Lucas L.E Janssen