Faradays Law of Induction

Chapter 34

Halliday, Resnick and Krane

Magnetic Flux
The magnetic flux through any surface is defined as
}
= A d B
B

. |
Here is an element of area of the surface.
The unit of magnetic flux is Weber.
1 Weber = 1 Tesla-Meter
2
.
A d

For constant magnetic field the flux through a

planar surface of area A can be written as
, cosu | A B
B
=
where is the angle between normal to the
surface and the direction of the field.
Faradays Law of Induction
If the magnetic flux through a circuit is changing,
an emf is developed in the circuit which is given by
dt
emf
B
| c
= E
The emf (electromotive force) of a circuit is defined
as
}
l d E

.
E
where is the induced electric field. E

It is the emf that decides how much current will

flow in a circuit
} } }
= = = = R I
A
dl
I l d
j
l d E

o

. .
E
Here is the conductivity, is the resistivity, R is
the resistance and A is the cross sectional area of
the conductor through which a current I is
flowing.
Example

Suppose loop is described anticlockwise. If is
upward, is positive. In case B increases with
time, is positive and is negative. Thus
current in the loop will be clockwise.
B

B
|
E
t
B
c c / |
Such an induced current in the loop would
produce in the downward direction.
That is, it will try to oppose the change that
causes it.
This is Lenzs law.
B

Example
N
S

Observer finds clockwise current
(a) A magnet approaching a coil
(b) A magnet receding a coil
N S

Observer finds anticlockwise current
Jumping Ring
As soon as the current in the solenoid is switched
on, the ring kept on its top jumps.

Problem E34.3
The magnetic flux through the loop shown in
figure increases as
t s Wb m t s Wb m
B
) / 7 ( ) / 6 (
2 2
+ = |
Find emf induced in the loop when t = 2 s.
Describe the loop anticlockwise.
3
10 ) 7 12 (

+ =
c
c
= t
t
emf
B
|
At t = 2 s, V emf
3
10 31

=
The negative sign indicates that current in the loop
is clockwise.

Problem E34.8
A 120-turn coil of radius 1.8 cm is placed outside a
solenoid of diameter 3.2 cm having 220 turns per
cm. Calculate the emf induced in the coil if the
current in the solenoid is increased from zero to
1.5 A at a steady rate over a period of 0.16 s.
120 10 6 . 1
) (
4 2

c
c
=
c
c
=

t
|
t
i n
t
emf
o B
120 10 6 . 1
16 . 0
5 . 1
100 220 10 4
4 2 7

|
.
|

\
|
=

t t
V
2
10 5 . 2

=

Problem E34.10
A square wire loop with 2.3 m sides is
perpendicular to a uniform magnetic field
t s T T B ) / 87 . 0 ( ) 042 . 0 ( =
The loop contains a 2 V battery with negligible
internal resistance. What is the total emf in the
circuit?
Describe the loop anticlockwise.
Total emf in the loop is
V 3 . 4 3 . 2 5 . 0 87 . 0 2
2
= +

Problem E34.13
In figure a = 12 cm and b = 16 cm. If the current in
the long straight wire is given by
, ) / 10 ( ) / 5 . 4 (
2 2
t s A t s A i =
calculate the emf in the square loop at t = 3 s.
Describe the loop clockwise.
The induced emf in the loop at t = 3 s is
(
(

|
.
|

\
|
c
c

} }
a b a
o
dr
r
b
dr
r
b
t
i
c c
t t

2 2
V
7 2 7
10 97 . 5
4
12
ln 10 16 17 10 2

=
|
.
|

\
|
=

Problem E34.23
A rectangular loop of wire with length a, width b,
and resistance R is placed near an infinitely long
wire carrying current i. Find the current in the
loop as it moves away from the long wire with
speed v.
Describe the loop clockwise. The flux through the
loop is
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+ +
=
}
+ +
+
t v D
t v b D a i
r
dr
a i
o
vt b D
vt D
o
ln
2 2 t

The emf developed in the loop is

|
|
.
|

\
|
+

+ +

t v D vt b D
v a i
o
1 1
2t

The current in the loop at t = 0 is

) ( 2 b D D R
v b a i
o
+ t

Thus the current is clockwise. This is consistent
with Lenzs law.
Problem E34.24
Angle between two straight, conducting rails is .
A conducting bar in contact with the rails and
forming an isosceles triangle with them starts at
time t = 0 and moves with constant velocity v to
the right. If a magnetic field B points outward, find
the emf induced in the circuit formed as a
function of time.
Describe the loop anticlockwise. Flux through the
loop is

) 2 / tan(
2 2
u | t v B
B
=
The emf induced in the loop is
) 2 / tan( 2
2
u v t B

Problem P34.5
A magnetic field points
outward through a square of side length a = 2 cm.
Determine the emf around the square at t = 2.5 s.
y t s m T B
2 2
) . / 4 ( =
Describe the square anticlockwise. The flux
through the square is
2 3
0
2
0
2 4 t a dy y t a dy a B
a a
B
= = =
} }
|
The emf induced around the square at t = 2.5 s is
V t a
5 6 3
10 8 5 . 2 10 8 4 4

= =
It is in clockwise direction.

Problem P34.6
A smaller loop (radius r) is above a larger loop
(radius R>>r), by a distance x >>R. The smaller loop
moves with a velocity v along its axis. If the current
in the larger loop is i find the emf induced in the
smaller loop.
Describe the smaller loop anticlockwise. Flux
through the smaller loop is
2 / 3 2 2
2 2
) ( 2 x R
r R i
o
B
+
=
t
|
The emf induced in the smaller loop is
2 / 5 2 2
2 2
) ( 2
3
x R
v x r R i
o
+
t
Thus the current in the smaller loop is
anticlockwise. This is consistent with the Lenzs
law.

Problem P34.10
A wire whose cross-sectional area is 1.2 mm
2
and
whose resistivity is 1.710
-8
.m is bent into a
semicircular arc of radius r = 24 cm. An additional
straight length of this wire, OP, is free to move
about O and makes sliding contact with the arc at
P. Finally, another straight length of this wire, OQ,
completes the circuit. The entire arrangement is
located in the magnetic field B = 0.15 T directed
outward. The wire OP starts from rest with = 0
and has a constant angular acceleration of 12
rad/s
2
. For what value of is the induced current
in the loop a maximum?
Resistance of the loop OPQO is
6
8
10 2 . 1
) 2 ( 24 . 0 10 7 . 1 ) 2 (

+
=
+
=
u u
A
r r
R
Here is the angular acceleration of the segment
OP. The flux through the loop is
4 2
2 2 2
r t B r B
B
o
t
t u
| = =
) 5 . 0 2 ( 10 4 . 3 ) 2 ( 10 4 . 3
2 3 3
t o u + = + =

Describe the loop anticlockwise. The emf induced
in the loop is
The current in the loop is
) 5 . 0 2 ( 10 4 . 3 2
2 3
2
t
r t B
o
o
+

This is maximum when .
2 /
2
r t B o
Thus the maximum value of current is
A 2 . 2
4 10 4 . 3 2
3 / 1 24 . 0 15 . 0 12
3
2
=

3 / 1 = t

Problem E34.16
A conducting rod of length L is pulled along
horizontal, frictionless, conducting rails at a
constant speed v . A uniform vertical magnetic
field B fills the region in which the rod moves.
Find the emf induced in the loop and show that it
is consistent with conservation of energy.
Describe the loop anticlockwise. The flux through
the loop is
t v L B
B
= |
The emf developed in the loop is . The
negative sign shows that the current flows in
clockwise direction.
v L B
If the resistance of the rod is R and that of rails is
negligible, the current in the loop is
R v L B i / =
Thus a force F = i L B acts on the rod towards
right. In order that the rod moves with constant
velocity, an external agent must apply the same
force towards left. The rate at which work is done
by this force is Fv = i L B v = i
2
R, as expected by
conservation of energy.
Problem
/
\
/
\
/
\
/
\

R
L
v

B

a
b
c
d
The rod cd is given an initial velocity v
o
towards
right. Find the total distance travelled by the rod.
Describe the loop clockwise.
v: Instantaneous velocity of rod.
The emf developed in the rod is -v B L.
The current in the rod is anticlockwise and is
i = v B L/R.
The equation of motion of the rod is
R
v B L
B L i
dt
dv
m
2 2
= =
R m
t L B
v
v
dt
R m
L B
v
dv
or
o
t v
v
o
2 2
0
2 2
ln =
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
} }
Thus
dt
dx
R m
t L B
v v
o
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
2 2
exp
Hence total distance travelled by the rod is
2 2
0
2 2
exp
L B
R m v
dt
R m
t L B
v x
o
o
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
}

The total heat energy developed is

} }

=
0
2 2 2
0
2
dt
R
L B v
dt R i
2
0
2 2 2 2 2
2
1 2
exp
o
o
v m dt
R m
t L B
R
L B v
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
}

Consider the motion of a coil abcd in a uniform
inward magnetic field B present in the shaded
region. We analyze this problem using Lorentz
force. Each positive charge q in the moving
conductor ab is subjected to a force q v B along ab.
This results in accumulation of positive charges at
b, which gives rise to an electric field E. In
equilibrium this electric field is given by

q E =q v B or E = v b.
The potential difference V between a and b is
therefore given by
V = E L = v B L
It is this potential difference that is responsible for
current in the loop abcd.
This is consistent with Faradays law.
Thus if a rod moves in a magnetic field, an emf is
developed between its ends, which is given by

}
= l d B v emf

). (
This is called motional emf.
Problem
v
L

B

a
b
Obviously end a will be at higher potential.
If L = 1.5 m, B = 0.5 T and v = 4 m/s, the emf
developed between the two ends will be
V L B v 3 5 . 1 5 . 0 4 = =

Problem E34.22
x
A rod of length L is caused to move at constant
speed v along horizontal conducting rails. The
magnetic field is provided by a current i in a long
parallel wire. Analyze this problem from the point
of view of energy.
Describe the loop anticlockwise.
x: Distance of the rod from the fixed end.
The flux through the loop is
|
.
|

\
|
+
= =
}
+
a
L a x i
dr
r
x i
o
L a
a
o
B
ln
2 2 t

|
The emf induced in the loop is
|
.
|

\
|
+

a
L a v i
o
ln
2t

Thus the current in the loop is clockwise.

Motional emf developed in the rod is
}
= l d B v emf

). (
|
.
|

\
|
+
= = =
} }
+ +
a
L a v i
r
dr v i
dr B v
o
L a
a
o
L a
a
ln
2 2 t

This is consistent with flux rule.

Induced current in the loop is
, ln
2
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
a
L a
R
v i
i
o
in
t

where R is the resistance of the loop.

The rate at which heat energy is developed in the
loop is
2
2
2 2 2
2
ln
4
(

|
.
|

\
|
+
=
a
L a
R
v i
R i
o
in
t

Force applied to the rod by an external agent is

|
.
|

\
|
+
= =
}
+
a
L a i i
dr B i F
in o
L a
a
in
ln
2t

The rate at which work is done by the external

agent is
2
2
2 2 2
ln
4
(

|
.
|

\
|
+
=
a
L a
R
v i
v F
o
t

Thus the rate at which work is done by the

external agent is same as the rate at which heat
energy is developed.

Problem E34.17
A conducting rod of mass m and length L slides
without friction on two long, horizontal rails. A
uniform vertical magnetic field B fills the region in
which the rod is free to move. The generator G
supplies a constant current i. Find the velocity of
the rod as a function of time, assuming it to be at
rest at t = 0.
Equation of motion of rod is
B L i
dt
dv
m =
m
t B L i
v = Hence
E : Generators emf
Net emf = E - v B L = R i
i R
m
t B L i
=
2 2
E
Hence
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
m
t B L
R i
2 2
E
Total energy spent by generator is
}
dt i E
} }
+ = dt t
m
B L i
dt R i
2 2 2
2
} }
+ = + =
2 2
2 2 2 2
2
2
1
2
v m dt R i
m
t B L i
dt R i
Problem E34.18
The constant current generator G in the previous
problem is replaced by a battery that supplies
constant emf E . Analyze this problem from the
energy point of view.
Describe the loop anticlocwise.
i: Anticlockwise current in the circuit.
v: Velocity of rod towards left.
R: Resistance of the circuit
emf induced in the circuit = E v B L =R i
Force on the rod = i L B and acts towards left.
Equation of motion of the rod is
( ) L B v
R
B L
B L i
dt
dv
m = =
E
The solution of this equation is
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
R m
t L B
L B
v
2 2
exp 1
E
Energy spent by generator in time t is
} }
=
t t
dt L B v
R
dt i
0 0
) (
E
E
E
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
R m
t L B
L B
m
2 2
2 2
exp 1
E
2

Heat energy developed in time t is
} }

=
t t
dt
R
L B v
dt R i
0
2
0
2
) (
E
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
R m
t L B
L B
m
2 2
2 2
2
exp 1
2
E
2

Kinetic energy of the rod after time t is
2
2
1
v m
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
R m
t L B
R m
t L B
L B
m
2 2 2 2
2 2
exp 2
2
exp 1
2
E
2

Thus energy spent by generator in time t
= Heat energy developed in time t
+Kinetic energy of rod after time t.
This is consistent with conservation of energy.
Induced electric field
The Faradays law is
}
l d E

.
dt
B
| c
=
}
c
c
= A d B
t

.
The current will flow if a conducting loop is present
in a changing magnetic field.
Even in the absence of a conducting loop, changing
magnetic field gives rise to an electric field.

B

z
Consider a region of space where there is uniform
magnetic field parallel to z-axis. The field is
changing as a function of time.
Figure shows a loop of radius r in a plane normal
to the direction of magnetic field.
Compare Faradays law with Amperes law.
} }
= = A d J i l d B
o enc o

. .
If is axial is circumferential and if is
circumferential is axial.
J

Thus in Faradays law, if is axial, is

circumferential and if is circumferential, is
axial.
B

For this example, therefore induced electric

field is circumferential.
Describe the loop anticlockwise. Thus
( )
dt
dB r
E r B
dt
d
rE
2
2
2
= = t t
If the magnetic field is increasing as a function of
time, the induced electric field will be clockwise.

Problem E34.31
A uniform magnetic field B is confined to a
cylindrical volume of radius R. The field is
decreasing in magnitude at a constant rate of
10.7 mT/s. What is the instantaneous acceleration
of electron placed at a, at b, and at c? Assume
that r = 4.82 cm.
Describe the loop clockwise.
|
.
|

\
|
= =
dt
dB r
E r
dt
dB
E r
2
) ( 2
2
t t
m V E / 10 58 . 2
2
10 7 . 10 0482 . 0
4
3

=

=
Hence acceleration of electron at a is
2 7
31
4 19
/ 10 5 . 4
10 1 . 9
10 58 . 2 10 6 . 1
s m
m
eE
=

=


It is towards right.

Acceleration of electron at b is zero.

Acceleration of electron at c is same as at a
but in opposite direction.


Problem E34.29
Figure shows two circular regions R
1
and R
2
with
radii r
1
= 21.2 cm and r
2
= 32.3 cm, respectively.
In R
1
an inward magnetic field B
1
= 48.6 mT is
present and in R
2
an outward magnetic field B
2
=
77.2 mT is present. Both the fields are decreasing
at the rate 8.5 mT/s. Calculate the integral


for each of the three indicated paths.
}
l d E

.
For path a
mV r
dt
dB
l d E 2 . 1 212 . 0 10 5 . 8 .
2 3 2
1
1
= = =

}
t t

For path b
}
= = =

mV r
dt
B d
l d E 8 . 2 323 . 0 10 5 . 8 .
2 3 2
2
2
t t

For path c
}
+ =
2
1
1
2
2
2
. r
dt
B d
r
dt
B d
l d E t t

2 3 2 3
212 . 0 10 5 . 8 323 . 0 10 5 . 8 =

t t
mV 6 . 1 =

Problem P34.14
a
b c
A uniform magnetic field B fills a cylindrical
volume of radius R. A metal rod of length L is
placed as shown in figure. If B is changing at the
rate dB/dt, find the emf that acts between the ends
of the rod.
The induced electric field is circumferential.
Thus emf that acts between a and b, and between
a and c is zero. The total emf that is developed in
the loop abc (described clockwise) is
dt
dB L
R
L
4 2
2
2

This is also the emf between the two ends of the rod.