Types of PSYCHOLOGICAL Disorders

I. II.

ANXIETY DISORDERS SOMATOFORM & DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS III. MOOD DISORDERS IV. SCHIZOPHRENIA V. PERSONALITY DISORDERS VI. EATING DISORDERS VII. SUBSTANCE-RELATED DISORDERS VIII. SEXUAL AND GENDER-IDENTITY DISORDERS IX. CHILDHOOD DISORDERS X. DISORDERS OF AGING

I. Anxiety Disorders
Anxiety is a condition in which intense feelings of fear & dread are long standing or disruptive. 5 types of anxiety disorders
Phobias Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) Panic Disorder (PD) Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

Phobias
Out-of-proportion fears associated with circumstances & objects. Most common phobias:
Social phobias Fears associated with social situations (e.g. agoraphobia) Object phobias Fears associated with dogs, cats, spiders, etc. Event phobias Fears associated with something happening (e.g. fear of being struck by lightning, being hit by a meteor or asteroid, stepping on the cracks in a sidewalk, etc.)

Panic Disorders
Recurring attacks of panic, periods of intense fear, & feelings of impending doom or death accompanied by physiological symptoms all occurring without cause.
Often seen with a phobic response. Feelings of dizziness, problems with breathing, sweating, & trembling. After an attack, the fear of another panic attack sets in.

Other Anxiety Disorders

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Prolonged, unfocused, intense fear response. Not attached to any object or event.

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Persistent, intrusion of unwanted thoughts, urges, or actions that are unable to stop.

Other Anxiety Disorders

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
An anxiety disorder in which a person who has experienced a traumatic or life-threatening event has symptoms such as psychic numbing, reliving of the trauma, & increased physiological arousal.

II. Somatoform & Dissociative Disorders

Involve physical complaints or disabilities that suggest a medical problem but have no known biological cause and are not voluntarily produced by the person Soma = body Body manifestations Hypochondriasis Pain disorders Conversion disorders Malingering - faking it to escape responsibility

Dissociative Disorders
Dissociative Disorders conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings
psychogenic amnesia psychogenic fugue

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) VERY rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities formerly called Multiple Personality Disorder

Dissociative Disorder Causes

Frank Putnams Trauma-Dissociation Theory

The development of new personalities occurs in response to severe stress.

Psychosomatic & Somatoform Disorders Psychosomatic Disorders

Psychological factors produce real physical disorders. Stress is strongly indicated.

Somatoform Disorders
Physical symptoms persist without any identifiable physical cause. Conversion Disorders Hypochondriasis Body Dysmorphic Disorder

Dissociative Disorders
Some aspect of the personality seems to be separated from the rest.

Dissociative Amnesia
A loss of memory with no organic cause. Usually after a stressful event. Usually accompanied by a Dissociative Fugue.

Dissociative Identity Disorder

Multiple Personality Disorder Several distinct personalities in the same person.

Depersonalization Disorder
Feelings of being changed or different in a strange way.

III. Mood Disorders (Affective Disorders)

AFFECT - deals with mood or emotion Flat Affect - negative mood state or absence of emotions Dysthymia - the common cold of mental illness

Mood Disorders
Mood Disorders characterized by emotional extremes Major Depressive Disorder a mood disorder in which a person, for no apparent reason, experiences two or more weeks of depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities

Mood Disorders
Manic Episode
a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state

Bipolar Disorder
a mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania formerly called Manic-Depressive Disorder

Mood Disorders-Depression
25

Percentage of population aged 18-84 experiencing major depression at some point in life

20 20

Around the world women are more susceptible to depression

15
15

10
10

5
5

0
0
USA Edmonton Puerto Rico Paris West Florence Germany Beirut Taiwan Korea New Zealand

Males

Females

Mood Disorders - Suicide

70 Suicides per 100,000 people 60 50 40 30 The higher suicide rate among men greatly increases in late adulthood

20
10 0 15-24 25-34 35-44 45-44 55-64 65-74 75-84 85+

Males

Females

Mood Disorders-Suicide
Increasing rates of teen suicide
12%

Suicide rate, ages 15 to 19 10 (per 100,000)

8 6 4 2 0 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Year

IV. Schizophrenia
literal translation split mind Split from reality Characterized by pieces of personality and absence of wholeness Lay publics idea of split personality - actually DID (Dissociative Identity Disorder)

Schizophrenia
a group of severe disorders characterized by: disorganized and delusional thinking disturbed perceptions inappropriate emotions and actions

Schizophrenia
Delusions false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders Hallucinations false sensory experiences such as seeing something without any external visual stimulus

Schizophrenia
Subtypes of Schizophrenia
Paranoid: Disorganized:
Preoccupation with delusions or hallucinations Disorganized speech or behavior, or flat or inappropriate emotion Immobility (or excessive, purposeless movement), extreme negativism, and/or parrot-like repeating of anothers speech or movements Schizophrenia symptoms without fitting one of the above types

Catatonic:

Undifferentiated or residual:

Schizophrenia
Lifetime risk 40 of developing schizophrenia 30 for relatives of a schizophrenic 20
10 0
General population Siblings Children Fraternal twin Children of two schizophrenia victims Identical twin

V. Personality Disorders
disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring patterns of maladaptive behavior that impair social functioning usually without anxiety, depression, or delusions

Cluster 1 Disorders
These disorders are characterized by odd or eccentric behaviors or traits. Schizoid Personality Disorder
Characterized by the inability to form social relationships Withdrawn with a lack of feelings toward others.

Schizotypal Personality Disorder

Uncomfortable in interpersonal relationships, & suffering from cognitive & perceptual distortions & eccentric behavior. May wear inappropriate, strangely out-of-date or mismatched clothes.

Paranoid Personality Disorder

Inappropriately suspicious of others & their motives. Guarded, secretive, devious, scheming, argumentative, & often superstitious.

Cluster 2 Disorders
Characterized by dramatic, emotional or erratic behavior. They have very unstable interpersonal relationships, self-image and moods. Borderline Personality Disorder
Very unstable in self-image, mood, & relationships. Acts impulsively & self-destructively. Manipulative, self-destructive impulses when trying to control or strengthen personal relationships.

Histrionic Personality Disorder

Overly dramatic behavior, self-centered, & craving attention.

Cluster 2 Disorders
Antisocial Personality Disorder
Continually violates the rights of others, prone to impulsive behavior, & feeling no guilt for any harm. Unethical, exploitative, violent, criminal behavior.

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

Over-inflated sense of self-importance. Must be the center of attention, lacking any real empathy for others.

 Antisocial Personality Disorder

disorder in which the person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members may be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist not against being social, but against social norms of a culture commonly about serial killers tend to be charming, manipulative, and persistently violate the rights of others

Cluster 3 Disorders
Characterized by anxious or fearful behavior. Avoidant -Personality Disorder
Hypersensitive to potential rejection by others, causing social withdrawal despite a desire for social relationships. Has social anxiety & is timid, anxious, & fearful of relationships.

ObsessiveCompulsive Personality Disorder

Preoccupation with rules, schedules, & trivial details, & unable to express emotional warmth. Preoccupied with orderliness & perfectionism.

Cluster 3 Disorders
Dependent - Personality Disorder
The inability to make decisions or to act independently. Fails to take responsibility for ones own life, instead relies on other to make their decisions. Cant tolerate being alone. Has a fear of abandonment.

Passive-Aggressive Personality Disorder

Unassertive, indirect resistance to demands, as in forgetting, procrastinating, being late, and being indifferent.

Personality Disorders
PET scans illustrate reduced activation in a murderers frontal cortex Murderer Normal

VI. Eating Disorders

Anorexia Nervosa: Primary Symptoms:
Refusal to maintain body weight Intense fear of gaining weight Distortion of body image Absence of at least 3 consecutive menstrual cycles

VI. Eating Disorders

Bulimia Nervosa: Primary Symptoms: 1. Binging individual consumes very large amounts of food in short periods of time - Usually done in secret and carefully planned - Accompanied by feeling of lack of control over eating behavior - Binge ends when one cannot eat anymore & develops abdominal pain 2. Purging induces vomiting - Used to reduce abdominal pain - Also uses laxatives, diuretics, diets or exercise to control weight - Secondary Symptoms: sore throat, swollen salivary glands, destruction of tooth enamel, and depression

VII. Substance-Related Disorders:

Substance abuse not dependent on drug, but uses the drug repeatedly, which leads to serious impairment of individual functioning. Substance dependence Symptoms: - Need for higher level of drug to achieve desired effects - Presence of withdrawal when substance is reduced - Unsuccessful attempts to cut down or stop - Reduction of participation in social, occupational or recreational activities

Types of Drugs:
1. Depressants reduce physiological arousal & psychological tension 3 Types: alcohol, barbiturates, and benzodiazepines 2. Narcotics often used to refer to legal drugs Types: opium, morphine, and heroin 3. Stimulants increase arousal & cause states of euphoria Types: amphetamines, cocaine, caffeine, and nicotine 4. Hallucinogens distort sensory experiences Types Marijuana and LSD

Explanations for Substance Dependence and Abuse

Exposure necessary for dependence, not sufficient to explain dependence Situational Factors Vietnam, wars, trauma - but not everyone involved in stress turns toward drugs - not sufficient to explain Family Characteristics poor role models - lack of discipline - family disorganization - shared genes Personality originally though substance abusers

VIII. Sexual & Gender-Identity Disorders

Erectile Disorder

Sexual Dysfunction

The inability to achieve or maintain an erection Physical or Psychological causes

Female Sexual Arousal Disorder

The inability to become excited or achieve orgasm About 1/3 have genetic construct, others are psychological

Sexual Disorders
Paraphilias
Exhibitionism
Exposure of ones genitals to an unsuspecting stranger.

Voyeurism
Observing a stranger naked, etc.

Fetishism
Sexual arousal from nonliving objects.

Transvestic Fetishism
Dressing in clothing of the opposite sex.

Sexual Disorders
Sadism & Masochism Arousal from dominating or being dominated. Frotteurism Touching or rubbing against a non-consenting person. Necrophilia Obsession with dead bodies. Klismaphilia Sexual excitement from enemas. Coprophilia Arousal through feces. Zoophilia Sexual activity with animals.

Gender-Identity Disorder
The desire to become or the insistence that one is the opposite sex.
Trans-sexuals & certain transvestites In children it is seen as boys playing with girls toys and girls playing with boys toys.

IX. Disorders of Aging

Alzheimers Disease
An age-related disease characterized by memory loss, mental confusion, &, in its later stages, a nearly total loss of mental abilities.

Disorders of Aging
Parkinsons Disease
A degenerative disease where the person has difficulty performing simple acts due to marked disturbances in dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra. In the later stages, the individual may have a shuffling gait, a blank expression on the face, and is unable to initiate movements.

X. Childhood Disorders
A psychological disorder in which

ADHD

children are unable to concentrate their attention on any task for more than a few minutes. Inattention, impulsiveness, hyperactive behavior A CNS arousal problem. Underarousal Affects Dopamine use in the Basal Ganglia and Prefrontal Cortex Psychostimulants are used to manage the behavior. They increase the childs ability to focus attention. There are only short-term benefits. Non-stimulant drugs are now being used.

Childhood Disorders
Autism
A condition arising in infancy, in which the child is motivated to avoid stimulation, including social interaction. They have poor social skills & emotional responding. They dislike changes in their routine, perform monotonous actions, & ignore stimuli other than that which they are attending to. They remain distant & withdrawn.

Dyslexia
The inability to identify or write correctly letters & words or to read with understanding. Generally considered a learning disorder. When a child is below achievement in school learning as would be expected for his intelligence, a learning disorder is suspected.

Rates of Psychological Disorders

Percentage of Americans Who Have Ever Experienced Psychological Disorders
Ethnicity
Disorder
Alcohol abuse or dependence Generalized anxiety Phobia Obsessive-compulsive disorder

Gender
Men
23.8% 2.4 10.4 2.0

White
13.6% 3.4 9.7 2.6

Black
13.8% 6.1 23.4 2.3

Hispanic
16.7% 3.7 12.2 1.8

Women
4.6% 5.0 17.7 3.0

Total
13.8% 3.8 14.3 2.6

Mood disorder
Schizophrenic disorder Antisocial personality disorder

8.0
1.4

6.3
2.1

7.8
0.8

5.2
1.2

10.2
1.7

7.8
1.5

2.6

2.3

3.4

4.5

0.8

2.6

Care for our psyche know thyself, for once we know ourselves, we may learn how to care for ourselves.
Socrates