NOMENKLATUR ISTILAH MEDIS

Word Parts
Akar kata (Word roots) or betuk kombinasi (combining forms) BASIC MEANING of the term. Usually indicate body part involved. Cardi = heart Awalan (Prefixes) usually indicate location, time, number or status. Comes at BEGINING of word. Pericardium = around the heart Suffixes usually indicate the procedure, condition, disorder, or disease. Comes at END of word. Cardiomyopathy = disease of heart muscle

Word Parts
Word root is the foundation of the word It cannot stand alone. A suffix must be added. Word roots in their combining form have a /vowel Cardi/o Neur/o Gastr/o A combining vowel may be needed to make the medical term easier to pronounce The letter O is the most commonly used combining vowel.

Word Roots Indicating Color

Cyanosis Cyan/o ( blue color of skin caused by lack of O2 ) + osis (condition) Erythrocytes erythr/o (red) + cytes (cells) Poliomyelitis Polio (gray) + myel (spinal cord) + itis (inflammation) Melano/o - black

Rules for Using Combining Vowels

A combining vowel, if used, is added to the end of the word root. A combining vowel is not used if the suffix begins with a vowel. Neur/o + itis = neuritis. Neur (nerve) = itis (inflammation).

A combining vowel is used when the suffix begins with a consonant Neur/o = plasty = neuroplasty Neur/o = nerve Plasty = surgical repair A combining vowel is always used when 2 or more word roots are joined. Gastr/o (stomach) + enter/o (small intestine). = Gastroenteritis. A prefix does not require a combining vowel.

Combining Form
Aden/o = gland Cardi/o = heart Dermat/o = skin Enter/o = small intestines gastr/o = stomach Hemat/o = blood Nephr/o = kidney Neur/o = nerve Pulmon/o = lungs

Prefixes
A prefix is added at the beginning to change the meaning of the term. They usually indicate location, time or number. Natal means pertaining to(al) + birth (nat). Prenatal means time & events before birth. Perinatal means time and events just before, during, & after birth. Postnatal means time & event after birth.

Number prefixes Bi = 2 , Di = 2, Tri = 3, Hemi = half, Mono = 1, Uni = 1 Multi = many, Nulli = none Poly = many, Quad = 4 Semi = partial or half

Suffixes
Suffix added to end of word. Usually indicates procedure, condition, disorder, or disease. Tonsill/o means tonsils. A suffix completes the word and tells what is happening to the tonsils. Tonsillitis. tonsill (tonsil) + itis (inflammation). Tonsillectomy (tonsil) +(surgical removal).

Suffixes
Some suffixes change the word root into an adjective. Cardiac cardi/o (heart) + ac (pertaining to). Some suffixes change the word root into a noun. Cranium crani (skull) + um (noun ending).

Suffixes Meaning Abnormal Condition -osis means an abnormal condition or disease Gastrosis means any disease of the stomach

Suffixes Related to Pathology

-algia means pain : Gastralgia -dynia means pain : Gastrodynia -itis means inflammation : Gastritis -malacia means abnormal softening : Arteriomalacia Megaly means enlargement : Hepatomegaly Necrosis means tissue death Arterionecrosis Sclerosis means abnormal hardening Arteriosclerosis Stenosis means abnormal narrowing

Suffixes Related to Procedures

-centesis surgical puncture to remove fluid Abdominocentisis -ectomy surgical removal Appendectomy -graphy means the process of recording a picture or record Arteriography -gram - a record or picture arteriogram

The Double RRs

-rrhage and rrhagia mean abnormal excessive fluid discharge or bleeding. Hemorrhage -rrhea abnormal flow or discharge Diarrhea -rrhexis rupture myorrexis

Look-alike Sound-alike Terms and Word Parts

Arteri/o = artery Ather/0 = plaque or fatty substance Arthr/o = joint Ileum = part of small intestine Ilium = part of the hip bone Mucous adjective that describes specialized mucous membranes that line the body cavities. Mucus a noun and the name of the substance secreted by the mucous membranes

Lungs from a horse that died after a two-day illness.

Horse lungs

morphologic diagnosis (mdx) :

Severe acute locally extensive pneumonia

Alternatively, if you (logically) suspect that the dark areas are bloody/hemorrhagic Mdx: Severe acute locally extensive

hemorrhagic pneumonia

If you know that the etiology was Streptococcus zooepidemicus, the etiologic diagnosis is Streptococcal pneumonia

A Holstein heifer with yellowish, easily torn, slightly rubbery material on peritoneal surfaces

Yellowish, easily torn, slightly rubbery material on peritoneal surfaces

Mdx: ___________________________________ . Comment: Its so widespread that its almost diffuse, which
would also be ok as an adjective. Comment: Fibrinous lesions are often acute. Microsopically there is often suppuration with the fibrin, too. If you could grossly see pus along with the sheets of fibrin, what would the mdx be? *

Severe acute multifocal/diffuse fibrinous peritonitis *Severe acute multifocal/diffuse fibrinosuppurative peritonitis or, *Severe acute multifocal/diffuse fibrinopurulent peritonitis or, *Severe acute multifocal/diffuse fibrinous and suppurative/purulent peritonitis

Lungs from a dog which started coughing 2-3 weeks ago

Lungs from a dog which started coughing 2-3 weeks ago

This is a case of severe pulmonary blastomycosis
(Blastomyces dermatitidis). The etiologic diagnosis is: Blastomyces pneumonia, or fungal pneumonia Blastomyces induces numerous neutrophils and macrophages to chemotax into alveolar spaces. An exudate consisting primarily of neutrophils is referred to as: Suppurative or purulent An exudate consisting primarily of macrophages is referred to as: Granulomatous A prefix referring to pus is: PyoAn exudate consisting of both neutrophils and macrophages is called: Pyogranulomatous, or Suppurative and Granulomatous, or Purulent and Granulomatous

Lungs from a dog which started coughing 2-3 weeks ago

Mdx:
Severe chronic* diffuse** pyogranulomatous pneumonia

* Chronic-Active is also ok. ** It consists of thousands of small foci

(multifocal) of pyogranulomatous inflammation which are packed very closely together and which are distributed in every lung lobe, so call it diffuse.