Generalization of Newtons Law of

Viscosity
Lec 3
Lecturer: Asif Jamil
Chemical Engineering Department
School of Chemical and Materials Engineering (SCME)
National University of Science and Technology (NUST)

Generalization of Newtons Law of
viscosity
The equation (in Newtonian Fluid) was
defined only in terms of a simple steady state
shearing flowing in which v
x
as a function of y
alone, and v
y
and v
z
are zero.
This situation is not really so common.
Usually the system is composed by a flow in
which the three velocity components may
depend on all three coordinates and possible
on time.
Generalization of Newtons Law of
viscosity
Consider
A general flow pattern in which the velocity
shows in various directions depends on the
time.
The velocity components are given by
2
( , , , );
( , , , ),
( , , , )
x x
y y
z
v v x y z t
v v x y z t
v v x y z t
=
=
=
Pressure and viscous forces acting on
planes
Consider a point
x, y, z
x
z
y
Generalization of Newtons Law of
viscosity
The volume element can be cut to each of
three coordinates in turn.
Find the forces that have been exerted on that
surface by the fluid that was removed.
There will be two forces that contribute
Associated with the pressure
Associated with the viscous forces
Pressure force
Always perpendicular to the exposed surface
For example in x direction the force will be a vector p
x

that is the pressure (a scalar) multiplied by the unit
vector
x
in the x direction.
Pressure forces will be exerted when the fluid is
stationary as well as when it is in motion
Viscous forces
They exist only when the are velocity gradients
within the fluid.
They are neither perpendicular nor parallel to the
surface element, rather at some angle to the surface.
Those forces represent in the Figure are vectors with
scalar components.
For example, has components
x
t
, ,
xx xy xz
t t t
Pressure and Viscous
Forces acting on planes
x
t
p
x
z
t
p
z
x
t
y
t
p
y
For convenient a new variable is defined that
include both



Where
ij
is the kronecher delta, which is 1 if i
= j and zero if i j.
ij ij ij
p t o t + =
Two Ways to Interpret the definition


force in the j direction on a unit area
perpendicular to the i direction, where it is
understood that the fluid in the region of
lesser x
i
is exerting the force on the fluid of a
greater x
i
.
flux of j-momentum in the positive (+) i
direction, It is understood that is, from the
region of lesser x
i
to that of greater x
i
.
ij ij ij
p t o t + =
Generalizing Newton's Law
Generalizing Newton's Law
How are the stresses related to the velocity
gradients in the fluid?
Restrictions
The viscous stresses may be linear combinations
of all velocity gradients

where i,j,k and l may be 1,2,3

Time derivatives or time integrals should not
appear in the expression.

1
x
x
ijkl k ij
c
c
E E =
u
t
Do not expect viscous forces of the fluid is in a state of
pure rotation. No viscous forces present are only those one
that are symmetric linear combinations of velocity
gradients



If the fluid is isotropic (not preferred direction) the
coefficient in front of the two expressions must be scalar
so that
j y
i x z
ij
i i
and
x x x y z
u u
u u u
o
c c | | | | c c c
+ + +
| |
c c c c c
\ . \ .
j y
i x z
ij ij
i i
A B
x x x y z
u u
u u u
t o
c c | | | | c c c
= + + + +
| |
c c c c c
\ . \ .
Common agreement among fluid dynamicists the
scalar constant B is set equal (2/3 k), where k is
the identically zero for monoatomic gases at low
density.



These relations for the stresses in a Newtonian
fluid are associated with the names of Navier,
Poisson and Stokes

ij
z
z
y
y
x
x
xi
i
xi
j
ij
k k o
u
u
u

u
u
t
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c

|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
=
3
2
Writing these set of equations more concise in
vector-tensor notation



Where is the unit tensor with components ij,
v is the velocity gradient tensor with components
is the transpose of the velocity
gradient tensor with components
is the divergence of the velocity vector.
( ) ( )o t v k v v .
3
2
) ( V
|
.
|

\
|
+ + V + V =
( )
/ , ( )
i j
x v u
+
c c V
( )
/ , ( . )
i j
x and v u c c V
ij
z
z
y
y
x
x
xi
i
xi
j
ij
k k o
u
u
u

u
u
t
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c

|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
=
3
2
Importance of this generalization
This equation involve two coefficients
characterizing the fluid:
The viscosity
The dilatational viscosity k.