SUPPORT & MOVEMENT

CHAPTER 8

Prepared by: Heiana Nadia bt Hamzah

8.1 THE SUPPORT SYSTEM IN ANIMALS

1. Animals have a support system that supports the body, gives their distinctive shapes and allows movements made by muscle attached to it. 2. The support system in animals is called the skeletal system.

8.1 THE SUPPORT SYSTEM IN ANIMALS

Endoskeleton Skeletal sytem Exoskeleton Hydrostatic skeleton

8.1 THE SUPPORT SYSTEM IN ANIMALS

Endoskeleton or Internal skeleton; Most vertebrates, such as mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibian and bony fish have an endoskeleton made of bones. Some fish such as shark and rays, have an endoskeleton made of cartilage (a strong flexible material)

Support system in land vertebrates

The body weight is fully supported by the endoskeleton, especially the backbone. Birds have lighter hollow bones in their wings, which helps them to fly. Huge land mammals like elephant have pillar-like limb bones at their feet to support their weight.

Support system in aquatic vertebrates

Most of the body weight is supported by the buoyancy of water. Endoskeletons of aquatic vertebrates have streamlined shapes which help them to speed up movement in water. Aquatic vertebrates have light and flexible endoskeletons. Their skeletons are smaller in proportion to their body weight.

BUOYANCY The ability of an object to float when placed in water.

How some animals living in the sea can be so large?

 Land animals have to carry all their weight. For example, the elephant has strong legs and a heavy skeletal structure to carry its body. Aquatic animals do not have to carry all their weight. The buoyancy of water lifts some of their weight.

8.1 THE SUPPORT SYSTEM IN ANIMALS

Exoskeleton or External Skeleton; Hard outer layer covering the invertebrates. The skeleton is strengthened by a thin layer of chitin or a hard calcified shell. As some invertebrates such as crabs and insects grow, they moult or shed the old exoskeleton. Functions: Support the body of an invertebrate & protects its internal organs.

EXOSKELETON INLAND INVERTEBRATES

Land invertebrates with jointed legs, such as insects, scorpions and centipedes have exoskeleton. Function of exoskeleton: Support the body weight, protects internal organ & prevent the loss of water from the body.

EXOSKELETON IN AQUATIC INVERTEBRATES

Most of their body weight is supported by the surrounding water. Function of exoskeleton: Protects their internal organ from being crushed by the surrounding high water pressure. Examples: crabs, cockles, mussels, corals & lobsters.

cockles

mussels

8.1 THE SUPPORT SYSTEM IN ANIMALS

Hydrostatic Skeleton or Fluid-filled Skeleton; Invertebrates without an exoskeleton, such as earthworm, leeches, slugs & jellyfish have hydrostatic skeleton. The fluid in the body exerts pressure outwards and makes the body turgid.

jellyfish

slug

HYDROSTATIC SKELETON IN LAND INVERTEBRATES

Land invertebrates without jointed legs, such as earthworm, caterpillars, leeches and slugs have a hydrostatic skeleton. Contractions of muscles, one after another, from head to tail along the body, allow these invertebrates to move forward.

HYDROSTATIC SKELETON INAQUATIC INVERTEBRATES

Aquatic invertebrates such as jellyfish, sea anemones, sea slugs & nematodes have hydrostatic skeletons to maintain their shapes and support part of their body weight.

Sea slug

Sea anemone

nematode

8.2 THE SUPPORT SYSTEM IN PLANTS

1. There are 2 types of land plants: - Woody plants - Non-woody/herbaceous plants

Non-woody plant

Woody plant

Woody plant

Woody plant
Supported by woody tissues in the stem. Woody stems have an outer layer of material called bark, which provides support. Examples: rose plant and angsana trees

Cross section of a woody stem

Non-woody plants
Herbaceous stem are soft. Non-woody plants are supported by cell turgidity. The fluid in the plant cells supports the stem of these plants. Examples: Peppers & tomato plants.

Cross section of a non-woody stem

Non-woody plants
1 hour later

What makes the wilted plant becomes fresh and firm after being put into a beaker filled with water?
Cell turgidity in the stem makes it fresh and firm.

Various adaptation for support in land plants.

HOOK OR THORNS

To climb trees and get support by clinging onto other plants or objects. Eg: rattan palms, roses and bougainvilleas.

The bougainvillea thorn

Rattan palm

Various adaptation for support in land plants.

HOLLOW & WEAK STEMS

Climb on other plants by twining their stems. Eg: blue pea plant, morning glory .
Blue pea plant

Various adaptation for support in land plants.

CLASPING ROOTS

These roots enable a plant to climb by growing around and clasping its support Eg: money plant, orchid & pepper plants.

Various adaptation for support in land plants.

BUTTRESS ROOTS

Buttress roots are common in large tropical trees. These roots grow from the stems above the ground. Function: To provide additional support to the stem Eg: meranti, angsana

Various adaptation for support in land plants.

TENDRILS

Tendrils are non- woody, flexible, leaveless stem which twine easily around any support they come into contact with. Tendrils are thigmotropic, which means that they are sensitive to touch. Example: cucumber, gourd, pumpkin, garden pea

Gourd

Various adaptation for support in plants.

BREATHING ROOTS

The roots grow above the ground to provide support and to help the tree breathe. Eg: mangrove trees.

Various adaptation for support in land plants.

PROP ROOTS These roots grow out of the main stem or from its branches and dangle vertically downward. Provide additional support for the plant. Example: maize & banyan tree
Prop roots of the banyan tree grow out of the branches & penetrating the soil to provide support.

8.2 THE SUPPORT SYSTEM IN PLANTS

Aquatic plants have numerous air sacs in their stems, leaves and roots. These air sacs provide buoyancy to help them to stay afloat or upright in water.

8.2 THE SUPPORT SYSTEM IN PLANTS

The cross-section of the stem of an aquatic plant

AQUATIC PLANTS
Aquatic plants also have adapted parts that support them in water.
AIR-FILLED ROOTS

Help plant to float. Eg: Water banana.

AQUATIC PLANTS
Aquatic plants also have adapted parts that support them in water.
SWOLLEN LEAVES FILLED WITH AIR

The trapped air in the swollen leaf stalks of the plant help it to float on the water surface. Eg: Duckweed, water hyacinth

Swollen leaves
Hyacinth

AQUATIC PLANTS
TRAPPED AIR IN THE LEAVES & STEMS

Help the plants to float in water. Their roots grow at the bottom of the pond but their leaves float on the water surface. Eg: lotus & water lily.

AQUATIC PLANTS
AQUATIC PLANTS THAT ARE SUBMERGED COMPLETELY IN WATER

Can stay upright due to water buoyancy. Soft, light and non-woody stem. Has small leaves and soft roots. Stem & leaves have a lot of air spaces. Eg: Hydrilla, elodea and water weed.

Elodea

8.3 APPRECIATING THE SUPPORT SYSTEM IN LIVING THINGS

Posture is the way in which we position our body when we stand, walk and run. Having the correct body posture helps to prevent damage or harm to our support system.

8.3 APPRECIATING THE SUPPORT SYSTEM IN LIVING THINGS

The correct sitting posture

The correct posture standing

8.3 APPRECIATING THE SUPPORT SYSTEM IN LIVING THINGS

The wrong way..!

The right way..

Posture while lifting

Various adaptation for support in plants.

PRICKLES

These are outgrowth of the epidermis tissue used for climbing. Prickles are entirely new organ so, they break off easily. Eg: Rose

The prickles of rose