Properties of Radio Path

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BSS.PPT/EG

4. Radio Path

Module Objectives
This module describes the GSM Radio Path. After studying this material you should be able to:
Explain at least one of the problems in the air interface and its solution in the GSM Name at least three logical channels in the air interface and explain their functions without using any reference.

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BSS.PPT/EG

Properties of Radio Path

Fast Fading (Rayleigh Fading)
-Caused by multipath propogation. Signal received is the vector sum of original transmitted signal. -Typical in PLMN, in city areas where many reflectors exist, tall buildings and mountains.

Fast Fading
-Selective Fading (time dispersion) -Flat Fading

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Properties of Radio Path

Selective Fading
-Reflected signal coming from objects that are far away (1-5km)

BTS

-Bit Rate in GSM is 270kbit/s.Time corresponds to 1.1km bit

length.This distance&longer distances causes problems. -Typical in areas of mountainous terrain or areas with large expansions of water or both. -Result is a problem called ISI (Inter Symbol Interference)
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Properties of Radio Path

Selective Fading-Solution
-We model the air interface and treat it as a filter.
Air-Interface Filter Signal awaited to be received

-26 bits are added into the middle of every burst called the training sequence code. -After receiving a burst, we pass the burst through a filter in MS/BTS. -When we find the best possible filter we use this filter to interpret the data/speech bits. -Not all possible filters are tried but only the ones that are the most likely to reduce time used in filtering. -We use Viterbi Equalizers.
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Properties of Radio Path

Flat Fading
-Caused by the Vector Summation of signals from near objects. -Summation can be beneficial but can also be zero and cause fading dips. -In GSM 900/DCS 1800 dips occur approximately 17/8.5cm.
Approx. 17cm

RX sensitivity

Fading dips

-Fading dips are most likely to occur at every half wave length and therefore are frequency dependent. -Faster the MS moves, less information is lost because of fading dips.
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Properties of Radio Path

Flat Fading-Solutions
-Frequency Hopping
-Channel Coding/Speech Coding -Interleaving -Antenna/Receiver Diversity

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Properties of Radio Path

Frequency Hopping
-Dips are frequency dependent so by changing the transmitted frequency we can move the dips to different locations. -Beneficial especially to slow moving MSs -Optional in the BTS, but obligatory in MS F1 F2 F3 F4 Time -For each cell(sector)the hopping sequence is the same. -Information of the sequence is broadcast on the control channels. -Hopping sequence must be different on each BTS site. -Frequency that sends the control channels must remain on the same frequency and power level.
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Properties of Radio Path

Speech Coding
-Performed in TCSM and MS. -In GSM we use LPC-LTP-RPE coding LPC Linear predictive coding LTP Long term prediction RPE Regular pulse excitation Hybrid Speech Coder,Waveform Coder&Vocoder -In order to reduce synthetic sound caused by vocoder coder we use some additional information from waveform coder. -20ms samples of speech,
Parameters of filters are transmitted. Not actual speech.

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BSS.PPT/EG

Properties of Radio Path

Channel Coding(Block Coding and Convolutional Coding)
Block Coding -Used to detect errors -Adds additional bits into the information sent (check-sum bits, convolutional-coder reset bits) Convolutional Coding -Used to detect and correct errors detected -Doubles the amount of bits coded

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Properties of Radio Path

Channel coding SPEECH SEGMENTATION 20 ms SPEECH CODING BLOCK CODING CONVOLTUTIONAL CODING

INTERLEAVING

13 Kbits/sec = 260 bits

22.8 Kbits = 456 bits

CIPHERING

BURST FORMATTING

TRX MODULATION 33.8 Kbits

900/1800 MHz

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BSS.PPT/EG

Properties of Radio Path

Antenna/Receiver Diversity
-Two receiver aerials -Signal received seperately and strongest is selected by DSPU.
Received signal

Antennas RX RX Signal Processing

-Aerials six/three meters apart, thus giving 6db gain in signal strength. -GSM 900 approximately 6 meters,GSM 1800 approximately 3 meters.
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Properties of Radio Path

Slow Fading
-Caused by hills and other objects on the signal way

BTS
Solution -Adaptive power control, transmission power of BTS/MS changes -Adaptive power control is active on all speech and common channels but not on broadcast channels
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Channel Organization
There are 2 different types of channels in GSM/DCS Physical Channel
-Single TSL on a single frequency -8 physical channels per frequency (TDMA frame) -Information sent on 1 channel is termed a burst

Logical Channel
-Within a burst -Information sent is of particular type (speech/signalling/data/sms) -There are 11 logical channels -Logical channels are mapped so that they take minimum space in order to maximize amount of traffic channels.

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Broadcast channels
Frequency Correction Channel (FCCH)
Pure sine wave. The MS searches for this channels to switch on. Downlink.

Synchronisation Channel (SCH)

After locking to the frequency the MS synchronises with the SCH. The SCH contains the BSIC of the BTS and the TDMA frame number (used in encryption).

Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH)

Common information about the BTS:

Used frequencies Frequency hopping sequence Channel combination Paging groups Surrounding cell information

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Common control channels

Paging Channel (PCH)
Used by BTS to page a mobile. A downlink channel only.

Random Access Channel (RACH)

Used by the MS to request a dedicated control channel. Used for e.g. mobile originated calls. An uplink channel only.

Access Grant Channel (AGCH)

Used by the BTS to assign a dedicated control channel. A downlink channel only.
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Dedicated channels
Stand Alone Dedicated Control Channel (SDCCH) Bi-directional channel. Used for call set-up procedures, e.g. authentication. The traffic channel (TCH) is assigned by using SDCCH. Slow Associated Control Channel (SACCH) Associated with SDCCH and TCH. Measurement reports. MS power control. Timing alignment. Fast Associated Control Channel (FACCH) Associated with TCH. For quick control communication, e.g. handover. Physically replaces 20 ms of speech, stealing mode
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Traffic channels
Full Rate Bi-directional channel. Used for speech or data transmission. User data bit rate 13 kbit/s. Half Rate Bi-directional channel. Used for speech or data transmission. User data bit rate 6-7 kbit/s. Enhanced Full Rate (EFR) Bi-directional channel. Used for high quality speech transmission. User data bit rate 13 kbit/s.
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Training Material

TDMA Frames and Multiframes (Downlink)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 TSL0 TSL1 FCCH SCH BCCH BCCH BCCH BCCH CCCH CCCH CCCH AGCH CCCH FCCH SCH CCCH CCCH CCCH PCH CCCH CCCH CCCH CCCH PCH CCCH FCCH SCH SDCCH SDCCH SDCCH SDCCH SDCCH SDCCH SDCCH SDCCH FCCH SCH SDCCH SDCCH SDCCH SDCCH SDCCH SDCCH SDCCH SDCCH FCCH SCH SACCH SACCH SACCH SACCH SACCH SACCH SACCH SACCH IDLE FCCH SCH TSL2

4. Radio Path

TSL3

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MULTIFRAME, 51 TDMA FRAMES

TSL4 TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH SACCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH IDLE

TSL5

TSL6

TSL7

MULTIFRAME, 26 TDMA FRAMES

GSM burst types (1)

TDMA FRAME ~ 4.615 ms

576.9 s

tail bits 3

encrypted bits 57

S B 1

training sequence 26

S B 1

encrypted bits 57

tail bits 3

guard period 8,25 bits

NORMAL BURST

tail bits 3

fixed bits ("0") 142

tail bits 3

guard period 8,25 bits

FREQUENCY CORRECTION BURST

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GSM burst types (2)

tail encrypted bits bits 39 3 extended training sequence 64 tail encrypted bits bits 39 3
guard period 8,25 bits

SYNCHRONISATION BURST

tail bits 3

mixed bits 142

tail bits 3

guard period 8,25 bits

DUMMY BURST

ext. tail synchronisation bits sequence 8 41

tail encrypted bits bits 36 3

extended guard period 68,25 bits

ACCESS BURST

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 Frequency correction burst Synchronisation burst

Burst types

Used to transmit the FCCH channel. No information.

Used to transmit synchronisation information.

Access burst
Used to send RACH information. RACH contains the first message from the MS to the BTS. It has a long guard period to allow the BTS to calculate the MS distance from the BTS and to provide timing advance information to the MS.

Normal burst
Used to send all other logical channel information.

Dummy burst
Used to fill up unused timeslots in the TRX, which transmits the BCCH channel. No real information.

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