Electromagnetics

ENGR 367
Inductance
Introduction
Question: What physical parameters
determine how much inductance a
conductor or component will have in a
circuit?

Answer: It all depends on current and flux
linkages!
Flux Linkage
Definition:
the magnetic flux generated by a current that
passes through one or more conducting loops
of its own or another separate circuit

Mathematical Expression:
If the total flux generated by N turns
and # of turns through which passes
then flux linkage (assuming none escapes)

m
m
m
N
N
u
u
u
Types of Inductance
Self-Inductance (L):
whenever the flux linkage of a
conductor or circuit couples with itself

Mutual Inductance (M):
if the flux linkage of a conductor or
circuit couples with another separate one
Self-Inductance
Formula by Definition


Applies to linear magnetic materials only

Units:
flux linkage
current through each turn
m
N
L
I
u
=
2
[Henry] [H] [Wb/A] [T m /A] L = = =
Inductance of Coaxial Cable
Magnetic Flux




Inductance






(as commonly used in transmission line theory)


0

( ) ( )
2
ln( / )
2 2
m
S S
b d
a
I
B dS d dz
I Id
d dz b a

| |
t

t t
u = =
= =
}} }}
} }
ln( / ) [H]
2
or ln( / ) [H/m]
2
m
d
L b a
I
L
b a
d

t
u
=
=
Inductance of Toroid
Magnetic Flux
Density

Magnetic Flux

If core small
vs. toroid


2
[T] [Wb/m ]
2
NI
B
|

t
= =
m
S
B dS u =
}}
2
0
0
(if )
2
where S cross section area of the toroid core
m
B S
NIS
S

t
u =
= <<

Inductance of Toroid
Inductance

Result assumes that no flux escapes through
gaps in the windings (actual L may be less)

In practice, empirical formulas are often used to
adjust the basic formula for factors such as
winding (density) and pitch (angle) of the
wiring around the core
2
0
[H]
2
m
N N S
L
I

t
u
=
Alternative Approaches
Self-inductance in terms of

Energy


Vector magnetic potential (A)


Estimate by Curvilinear Square Field Map method


2
2
2 1
2
H
H
W
W LI L
I
= =
Inductance of a
Long Straight Solenoid
Energy Approach







Inductance
2
. .
2 2 2 2
2 2
0
. ( )
2 2
2
1
2 2
where for this solenoid
2 2
where for a circular core
2
H
vol vol
d
H
vol S core
H
W B Hdv H dv
NI
H
d
N I N I
W dv dS dz
d d
N I S
W S a
d

t
= =
=
= =
= =
}}} }}}
}}} }} }
2
2
2
H
W N S
L
I d

= =
Internal Inductance
of a Long Straight Wire
Significance: an especially important issue
for HF circuits since

Energy approach (for wire of radius a)
L L L
Z X L Z e e ~ = |
2
2
. .
2
2
3
2 4
0 0 0
2 2
4
2 4
1
( )
2 2 2
8
( / 4)(2 )( )
8 16
H
vol vol
a l
I
W B Hdv d d dz
a
I
d dz
a
I I l
a l
a
t

|
t

|
t

t
t t
= =
=
= =
}}} }}}
} } }
Internal Inductance
of a Long Straight Wire
Expressing Inductance in terms of energy




Note: this result for a straight piece of wire
implies an important rule of thumb for
HF discrete component circuit design:
keep all lead lengths as short as possible
2
2 2
2( )
2
16
8
or
8
H
I l
W l
L
I I
L
l

t
t

t
= = =
=
Example of Calculating
Self-Inductance
Exercise 1 (D9.12, Hayt & Buck, 7
th
edition, p. 298)
Find: the self-inductance of
a) a 3.5 m length of coax cable with a = 0.8 mm
and b = 4 mm, filled with a material for which

r
= 50.
0
7
ln( / ) ln( / )
2 2
(50)(4 10 H/m)(3.5m) 4
ln( )
2 0.8
56.3 H
r
d d
L b a b a
L

t t
t
t

= =

=
=
Example of Calculating
Self-Inductance
Exercise 1 (continued)
Find: the self-inductance of
b) a toroidal coil of 500 turns, wound on a
fiberglass form having a 2.5 x 2.5 cm square
cross section and an inner radius of 2.0 cm
2 7 2 2
0
(1)(4 10 H/m)(500) (0.025m)
2 2 (0.020 m 0.0125 m)
0.96 mH
N S
L
L
t
t t

= =
+
=
Example of Calculating
Self-Inductance
Exercise 1 (continued)
Find: the self-inductance of
c) a solenoid having a length of 50 cm and 500 turns
about a cylindrical core of 2.0 cm radius in which
r
=
50 for 0 < < 0.5 cm and
r
= 1 for 0.5 < < 2.0 cm
2 2 2 2 2
0
2 6 2
2 2 3 2
6 3
( ) (50 )
where (.005 m) 78.5 10 m
and [(.020 m) (.005 m) ] 1.18 10 m
(4 10
[(50)(78.5 10 ) 1.18 10 ]
i i o o
i i o o i o
i
o
N S N S N N S N
L S S S S
d d d d d
S
S
L


t
t
t

= = + = + = +
= =
= =

= +
7 2
)(500)
3.2 mH
0.50
=
Example of Estimating Inductance:
Structure with Irregular Geometry
Exercise 2: Approximate the inductance per unit length of
the irregular coax by the curvilinear square method
0
5.5
4(6)
(0.23)(400 nH/m)
(if filled with air or
non-magnetic material)
290 nH/m
S
P
N L
l N
L
l

t
=
=

Mutual Inductance
Significant when current in one conductor
produces a flux that links through the path
of a 2
nd
separate one and vice versa

Defined in terms of magnetic flux (u
m
)
2 12
12
1
12 1 2
2
mutual inductance between circuits 1 and 2
where the flux produced by I that links the path of I
and N the # of turns in circuit 2
N
M
I
u
=
u

Mutual Inductance
Expressed in terms of energy





Thus, mutual inductances between
conductors are reciprocal
12 1 2 0 1 2
1 2 1 2
. .
12 21
1 1
and [H/m]
vol vol
M B H dv H H dv
I I I I
M M
= =
=
}}} }}}
Example of Calculating
Mutual Inductance
Exercise 3 (D9.12, Hayt & Buck, 7/e, p. 298)
Given: 2 coaxial solenoids, each l = 50 cm long
1
st
: dia. D
1
= 2 cm, N
1
=1500 turns, core
r
=75
2
nd
: dia. D
2
=3 cm, N
2
=1200 turns, outside 1
st

Find: a) L
1
=? for the inner solenoid
2 2 2
0 1 1 1 1 1
1
7 2 2
1
4
(75)(4 10 H/m)(1500) (.02m)
4(.50m)
.133 H = 133 mH
r
N D N S
L
l l
L
t
t t

= =

=
=
Example of Calculating
Mutual Inductance
Exercise 3 (continued)
Find: b) L
2
= ? for the outer solenoid
Note: this solenoid has inner core and outer air
filled regions as in Exercise 1 part c), so
it may be treated the same way!
2
0.087 H 87 mH L = =
Example of Calculating
Mutual Inductance
Exercise 3 (continued)
Find: M = ? between the two solenoids
1
2 12 2 1 1
12 12
1
7 2
1 2
using since core 1 is smaller of the two

(75)(4 10 )(1200)(1500) (.02)
4(.50)
107 mH
( geometric mean of the self-inductance
of each
S
N N N S
M M M
I l
M
M
L L

t t

u
= = =

=
=
=
individual solenoid)
Summary
Inductance results from magnetic flux (u
m
)
generated by electric current in a conductor
Self-inductance (L) occurs if it links with itself
Mutual inductance (M) occurs if it links with
another separate conductor
The amount of inductance depends on
How much magnetic flux links
How many loops the flux passes through
The amount of current that generated the flux


Summary
Inductance formulas may be derived from
Direct application of the definition
Energy approach
Vector Potential Method

The self-inductance of some common structures
with sufficient symmetry have an analytical result
Coaxial cable
Long straight solenoid
Toroid
Internal Inductance of a long straight wire
Summary
Numerical inductance may be evaluated by
Calculation by an analytical formula if sufficient
information is known about electric current,
dimensions and permeability of material
Approximation based on a curvilinear square
method if axial symmetry exists (uniform cross
section) and a magnetic field map is drawn

References
Hayt & Buck, Engineering Electromagnetics,
7/e, McGraw Hill: Bangkok, 2006.
Kraus & Fleisch, Electromagnetics with
Applications, 5/e, McGraw Hill: Bangkok,
1999.
Wentworth, Fundamentals of
Electromagnetics with Engineering
Applications, John Wiley & Sons, 2005.