History of Surgery

An enlightening story

History of Surgery
History : To know genesis & evolution of life, society and human behavior History progressive path to future To appreciate the commanding work done by our forefathers and enthuse us to achieve higher goals in pursuance of excellence

Ancient History
Earliest known Trepanation (trephining) Kiev Ukraine 7300 6220 B.C

Ancient Egyptian pyramids discovery of brain surgery

 Edwin Smith Papyrus 1600 B.C

Susrutha 400 B.C Father of surgery Susrutha samhitha

Ancient Greek Hippocrates & Galen

Medieval Surgery
Decline of surgery in the west by 13th century Physicians higher status
Barbers & monks self qualified surgeons

Medieval Surgery
Rogerius Salernitanus -1180 A.D Chirurgiae

Surgical therapy amputations , drainage of abscess,scarification, leeching etc

 Ambroise Pare`

John Hunter

Birth of modern surgery

Louis Pasteur > Germ theory
Ignaz Semmelweis > Washing hands Puerperal sepsis Joseph Lister > Sterile surgery Principles of practice of surgery(March 16, 1867) . Father of modern antisepsis

Birth of modern surgery

King Edward VII I know that if it had not been for you and your work, I would not have been sitting here today

T.G.Morton Boston dentist -1846 >Anaesthesia

Modern Surgery
William Stewart Halsted(1852 1922)

1.sterile rubber gloves

2. new surgery, based on anatomic, pathologic, and physiologic principles and employing animal experimentation.

William Stewart Halsted(1852 1922)

3. Modern operating theater.

4. Residency scheme of training surgeons

 Theodore Billroth (1881) gastrectomy

Langenbuch (1882) cholecystectomy Synmonds (1883) - Appendicectomy

Modern Surgery
4 major advancements in related disciplines helped the advancement of surgery are: 1. Knowledge of Anatomy 2. Discovery of Anaesthesia 3. Intraoperative haemostasis 4. Concepts of asepsis

Modern Surgery
20th century surgery land marks Improved understanding of shock
Knowledge of blood group & blood transfusion techniques

 Understanding of blood clotting

Development of antibiotics & analgesics

Modern Surgery
Electrically powered surgical instruments, surgical stapling instruments, surgical glues, tapes etc.

Xrays &scans

 Cryogenic super cooled probes

Ultrasonic devices, Medical Lasers Heart lung machines, hypothermia, transplantation of organs

Modern Surgery
Orthopaedics cementing substances, bone & joint replcements Microsurgery
Minimally invasive surgery Vascular imaging, Angioplasty

Surgical disorders
Trauma Anatomical abnormalities Disorders of function Inflammation Ischaemia & infarction Metabolic disorders Neoplasia Cysts, hyperplasia, hypertrophy

According to 1996 data, US National centre for Health Statistics 40.3 million I.P surgeries &31.5 million O.P.surgeries