Course Code : Course Title :

EBB 324 Advanced Materials and Composites Course Unit : 4 Type of Course : Core Name of academics :Dr. Mariatti Jaafar Dr. Hazizan Md Akil Dr. Zuhailawati Hussin (6) Contribution of Assessment: 70% final examination & 30% course work (15% Test and 15% Quiz/PBL)

Course Objectives/Course Outcomes (CO)

1. To classify different types of advanced

composite materials 2. To select and justify a suitable advanced composite materials for specific applications 3. To propose a suitable fabrication technique of advanced composite materials for specific applications 4. To apply suitable theory to estimate the properties of the advanced composite materials

EBB 324 (Advanced Materials & Composites)

Topic Contents

Introduction to composite materials (Definition and classification of composite materials, natural composites, the benefit of composites) Introduction to composite materials (Types of matrix (natural and synthetic), types of reinforcement (natural and synthetic), factors which determine properties)

Reinforcement-matrix interface (Wettability, Interfacial bonding, methods to measure bond strength) Polymer matrix composites (Introduction, types of polymer matrices (thermoplastics, thermoset & rubber), processing of PMC- Hand lay-up, spray-up moulding methods (match die moulding, bag moulding method, vacuum bagging, pressure bagging, RTM), pultrusion, filament winding) Polymer matrix composites (Some commercial PMCs- epoxy and polyester matrix composites, PEEK matrix composites, rubber matrix composites, etc.)

References
R.F. Gibson, Principles of Composite Materials

Mechanics, McGraw Hill, Inc, 1994. F.L. Matthews, R.D. Rawlings, Composite Materials; Engineering & Science, Chapman & Hall, 1994. R.P Sheldon, Composite Polymeric Materials, Applied Science Publisher, 1982 S. C. Sharma, Composite Materials, Narosa Publishing House, 2000

What is Composites?
Combination of 2 or more materials Each of the materials must exist more

than 5% Presence of interphase The properties shown by the composite materials are differed from the initial materials Can be produced by various processing techniques

Classifications of composites
Matrix; PMC, MMC, CMC Function; electrical & structure Geometry of reinforcements; fiber

composites & particulate composites

Classification based on Geometry of reinforcement

Flake Fibercomposites Composite materials

Whiskers
Particulatecomposites

Random orientation

Unidirectional

Twodirectional

Random orientation

Uni -directional

Examples of composites

a) b) c) d)

Particulate & random Discontinuous fibers & unidirectional Discontinuous fibers & random Continuous fibers & unidirectional

Classification based on Matrices

Composite materials

Matrices

Polymer Matrix Composites (PMC)

Metal Matrix Composites MMC)

Ceramic Matrix Composites (CMC)

Thermoset

Thermoplastic

Rubber

Polymer matrix composites

Widely used- ease of processing,
lightweight & desirable mechanical properties

Metal Matrix Composites (MMC)

Generate wide interest in research Not as widely use as PMC Higher strength, stiffness & fracture

toughness Can withstand elevated temperature in corrosive environment than PMC Most metal and alloy can be used as matrices

Ceramic Matrix Composites (CMC)

Able to withstand high temperature
(>1649C) & brittle Used in aeronautics, military, etc Carbon and glass are common matrix used in CMC

Natural Composites
Wood
Consists of cellulose, hemiselulose & lignin Cellulose- the strongest component, 65% unidirectional alignment Lignin behave as adhesive, tighten the wood components

Natural Composites
Bone
Example; hydroxyapatite reinforced collagen composites

Pole (Construction Industry)

Traditional
woodsteelconcretepol ymer composite (made of layers of glass fabric + resins)

Advantages of Polymer
Composites 1) won't rust, or corrode 2)require no preservatives 3) light-weight, lighter than aluminum, wood, steel or concrete. 4) the lowest possible total installed cost

Modern vaulting poles Here is an example of a vaulting pole made from

glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) composites and carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites

Benefits of Composites???
Improved properties (thermal, mechanical,
electrical, etc) Many end-applications

Bahan pembentuk komposit

Matriks Bahan tetulang/penguat
(Reinforcement)

Antaramuka/antarafasa

Matriks: Fungsi
Mengikat bahan tetulang Memindah dan mengagihkan beban

kenaan kepada tetulang, ttp pemindahan beban bergantung kepada ikatan antaramuka

Matriks
Needs to withstand temperature variations Offer weight advantages, ease of handling

Bahan tetulang: Fungsi bergantung kepada matriks

matriks logam: utk meningkatkan
kekerasan dan ketahanan rayapan suhu tinggi matriks polimer: utk memperbaiki sifat kekakuan, kekuatan dan keliatan matriks seramik: utk memperbaiki keliatan

Bahan tetulang wujud dalam bentuk:

Gentian selanjar Gentian organik- cthnya Kevlar, polietilena Gentian tak organik- cthnya kaca, alumina, karbon Gentian asli- cthnya asbestos, jut, sutera Gentian pendek Hablur sesunggut (whiskers) Partikel Dawai

Antarafasa: Fungsi
Memindahkan tegasan daripada matriks
kepada bahan tetulang

Sometimes surface treatment is carried out to achieve the required bonding to the matrix

Types of matrix (natural and synthetic)

Natural
Silica sand, limestone (CaCO3), talc, etc Starch, epoxy based on soy bean, chitosan, etc

Synthetic
Fumed silica, fused silica, glass, etc Epoxy, polyester, PP, PE, etc

Types of reinforcement (natural and synthetic)

Natural
Silica sand, limestone (CaCO3), talc, etc Natural fibers, wood, etc

Synthetic
Glass fiber, boron fibers, etc Fumed silica, fused silica, glass, etc

Faktor-faktor yang mengawal sifatsifat komposit

Komposisi komponen -Komposisi setiap komponen (matriks

dan tetulang) mempengaruhi terus sifat2 akhir komposit. Xc = Xf Vf + Xm (1 - Vf ) Hukum

Xc = Sifat komposit Xf = Sifat gentian Xm= Sifat matriks

Pencampuran/Rule of Mixture

Rongga
ruang udara yang terkumpul atau
terperangkap dalam komposit dalam komposit, rongga wujud dalam matriks, antaramuka dan antara gentian-gentian kehadiran rongga dalam struktur komposit menyebabkan wujudnya titik pemusatan tegasan- menjejaskan sifat-sifat akhir komposit

 ruang udara yang terkumpul atau

terperangkap dalam komposit dalam komposit, rongga wujud dalam matriks, antaramuka dan antara gentian-gentian kehadiran rongga dalam struktur komposit menyebabkan wujudnya titik pemusatan tegasan- menjejaskan sifat-sifat akhir komposit

Bentuk, saiz, orientasi dan taburan gentian

Bentuk gentian (partikel- bulat, whiskers,
bersudut, etc) Saiz gentian ( pendek, panjang, selanjar) Orientasi gentian (satu arah, dua arah, pelbagai arah)- mempengaruhi sifat isotropi dan tak isotropi Taburan gentian (homogenus/uniform, takhomogenus)

Examples of different composite geometrical arrangements

Teknik dan parameter pemprosesan

mempengaruhi pemilihan bahan mentah
yang sesuai, bentuk akhir komposit, kandungan rongga dll mempengaruhi struktur dan morfologi sesuatu komposit

Antaramuka & Antarafasa (Interfaces & Interphases)

Figure 1.2

Apabila Antarafasa wujud, terdapat 2 antaramuka yang hadir