PASSIVE CIRCUITS

PREPARED BY: HARDIKPRAJAPATI

 Series

tuned circuit Parallel tuned circuit Self capacitance of a coil Skin effect Mutual inductance High frequency transformer Tapped inductor Capacitive tap Low frequency transformer
Hardik Prajapati Electronics & Communication

circuit designed by using passive components is called a passive circuit. Resistor, capacitor and inductor are called passive elements, because they can not produce energy. The elements which generates or produces electrical energy are called active elements, like battery, generator, transistor, operational amplifier etc.
Electronics & Communication Dept. Hardik Prajapati

 Virtually

all communications equipment contains tuned circuits made up of inductors and capacitors that resonate at specific frequencies.

Electronics & Communication Dept.

Hardik Prajapati

 All tuned circuits and many filters are made up of

inductive and capacitive elements.

Opposition to alternating-current flow offered by

coils and capacitors is known as reactance.

Reactance is expressed in ohms ().

Electronics & Communication Dept.

Hardik Prajapati

Reactive Components: Capacitors

A capacitor used in an ac circuit charges and

discharges. Capacitors tend to oppose voltage changes across them. Opposition to alternating current offered by a capacitor is known as capacitive reactance (Xc). Capacitive reactance (Xc) is inversely proportional to the value of capacitance (C) and operating frequency (f). Xc = 1/2fC

Electronics & Communication Dept.

Hardik Prajapati

Reactive Components: Inductors

An inductor, also called a coil or choke, is a

winding of multiple turns of wire. When a current is passed through a coil, a magnetic field is produced around the coil. If the applied voltage and current are varying, this causes a voltage to be self-induced into the coil winding. This process has the effect of opposing current changes in the coil. This effect is known as inductance.

Electronics & Communication Dept.

Hardik Prajapati

 Opposition to alternating current offered by

inductors is continuous and constant and is known as inductive reactance (XL). Inductive reactance (XL) is directly proportional to frequency and inductance.

XL = 2fL

Electronics & Communication Dept.

Hardik Prajapati

Ideal Series resonant circuit contains no resistance. It contains only inductance and capacitance that are in series with each other and with the source voltage.
At Resonance ( XL = XC ); therefore, XL - XC = 0. The

resultant reactance is equal to 0. Impedance ( Z ) is minimum. Since Z is minimum, current is maximum for a given voltage. Maximum current flow causes maximum voltage drops across individual reactances.
Electronics & Communication Dept. Hardik Prajapati

 Series

tuned circuit, any electrical circuit containing both inductive and capacitive elements. If these elements are connected in series, the circuit presents low impedance to ac at the resonant frequency and high impedance to current of other frequencies. In a Parallel tuned circuit, the impedance is high at the resonant frequency, low at others.
Electronics & Communication Dept. Hardik Prajapati

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C1 L1 GEN

R1

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Hardik Prajapati

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 Series

resonance occurs when the reactive part of the impedance is zero or the phase angle is zero. At resonance XL=Xc, so resonance frequency , f = 1/2 LC By adjustment of L or C circuit can be brought into resonance with applied frequency, which is called tuning.
Electronics & Communication Dept. Hardik Prajapati

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 The

Q-Factor (quality factor) is defined as ratio of inductive resonance to resistance in tuned circuits. Qs = soL/r = 1/soCr Q is a measure of the 'sharpness' of the response of the tuned circuit to the resonant frequency. Thus, a circuit with a high Q will exhibit a higher amplitude at the resonant frequency, but will decay more quickly as the frequency moves away from the resonant frequency.
Electronics & Communication Dept. Hardik Prajapati

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 The

relation between impedance and q can be expressed as, Zs = r(1+jyQs) The reactive response is the ratio of current (V/Zs) at any given frequency to the current at resonance (V/r). Ar = r/Zs = 1/1+jyQs In decibel, Ar dB = 20 log 1/ 1+(yQ)2
Electronics & Communication Dept. Hardik Prajapati

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L
C

V
R

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Hardik Prajapati

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 At resonance, a parallel tuned circuit appears to

have infinite resistance draw no current from the source have infinite impedance act as an open circuit.

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Hardik Prajapati

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 Parallel

resonance occurs when reactive part of the impedance is zero. The Q-factor can be expressed as, Q = 0L/r = 1/0Cr The relative response is given by, V/V0 Ar = 1/1+jyQ

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Hardik Prajapati

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 Parallel

impedance can be expressed as, Zp= ZLZc/ZL+Zc By comparing with series impedance equations, Zp = L/C = RD r(1+jQs) (1+jQs) Where RD is dynamic impedance

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Hardik Prajapati

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Skin effect is the tendency of electrons flowing in a conductor to flow near and on the outer surface. The self induced emf is greatest at the centre of the conductor and becomes less towards outer surface. This leads in the current density being least at the centre and increasing towards outer circumference.

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Hardik Prajapati

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 The

self induced emf is greatest at the centre of the conductor and becomes less towards outer surface. This leads in the current density being least at the centre and increasing towards outer circumference. Skin effect is the tendency of electrons flowing in a conductor to flow near and on the outer surface of the conductor.
Electronics & Communication Dept. Hardik Prajapati

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 Reaction

between physically isolated inductive circuits can occur as a result of common magnetic flux linkage. For current I1 in inductance L1, magnetically coupled to inductance L2, the induced emf in L2 is given by, E2 = +/- jMI1 The sign depends on physical position of coil.
Electronics & Communication Dept. Hardik Prajapati

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 If

the two coils are connected in series than the total series and parallel inductance can be given as, Ls = L1+L2+/-2M Lp = L1L2-M2/ L1+L2+2M, respectively. M should be determined by measurement only by, M =k L1L2 where k is coefficient of coupling.

Electronics & Communication Dept.

Hardik Prajapati

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 Mutual

inductive coupling forms the basis of high frequency transformers.

R0 Cp Lp Ls Cs RL High frequency transformer

rp

LpM

Ls-M

rs Z2

Z1

Equivalent circuit

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Hardik Prajapati

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 At

primary the impedance Z1 is Z1 = RL/1+jCSRL At secondary the impedance Z2 is Z2 = Ro/1+jCPRo The transfer impedance ZT is the ratio of output voltage Vs to input current I. By analyzing, IS = I Z1Zm/(Zp+Z1)(Zs+Z2)- Zm2 The secondary voltage is ISZ2 so ZT = Z1Z2Zm /(Zp+Z1)(Zs+Z2)- Zm2
Electronics & Communication Dept. Hardik Prajapati

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 When

the primary and secondary are tuned separately to the same resonant frequency transformer is called Synchronously Tuned Transformer. Due to mutual coupling of secondary and primary, each circuit will detune another, which may result in two peaks in overall frequency response curve.
Electronics & Communication Dept. Hardik Prajapati

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 The

shape of the response curve depends on k QpQs. For kQ=1, transformer is said to be critically coupled, for kQ<1, it is undercoupled and for kQ>1 it is called over coupled.

I ZT I

dB
kQ=2

kQ=1

kQ=0.5

f/fo

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Hardik Prajapati

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 It

is the ratio of load voltage Vs (IZT) to input voltage Vp (IZIN). VTF = ZT /ZIN = Z2ZM Zp(Zs+Z2)-ZM2

Electronics & Communication Dept.

Hardik Prajapati

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 In

tapped circuit load is connected to a tapping point on the inductor which results in mutual inductive coupling between two sections of a coil. The tapped inductor is used to reduce the damping effect of a load on the Q factor.

Electronics & Communication Dept.

Hardik Prajapati

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